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    • Led Zeppelin

    array(1) { [0]=> array(4) { ["title"]=> string(12) "Led Zeppelin" ["timestamp"]=> string(20) "2010-09-07T09:03:34Z" ["text"]=> string(127114) "{{Other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Led Zeppelin | Img = Led_Zeppelin_2007.jpg | Img_capt = The surviving members of Led Zeppelin at The O2 in London in 2007 | Img_size = 250 | Landscape = Yes | Background = group_or_band | Origin = London, England | Genre = [[Hard rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[blues-rock]], [[folk rock]] | Years_active = 1968–1980
    (Reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007) | Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]], [[Swan Song Records|Swan Song]] | Associated_acts = [[Page and Plant]], [[The Honeydrippers]], [[The Yardbirds]] | URL = [http://www.ledzeppelin.com/ www.ledzeppelin.com] | Past_members = [[Jimmy Page]]
    [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]]
    [[Robert Plant]]
    [[John Bonham]] }} {{Portal|Led Zeppelin}} '''Led Zeppelin''' were an [[English people|English]] [[rock music|rock]] band formed in 1968, consisting of [[Jimmy Page]] (guitar), [[Robert Plant]] ([[Lead vocalist|vocals]], [[harmonica]]), [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]] (bass guitar, keyboards, [[mandolin]]), and [[John Bonham]] (drums). With their heavy, guitar-driven [[blues-rock]] sound, Led Zeppelin are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]{{cite web|url= http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/biography |title= Led Zeppelin Biography |accessdate=9 September 2009 |work=Rolling Stone}} and [[hard rock]].Susan Fast, "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/334473/Led-Zeppelin Led Zeppelin (British Rock Group)]", [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]Tim Grierson, "[http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/RockHistory.htm What Is Rock Music? A Brief History of Rock Music]", ''[[About.com]]'' However, the band's individualistic style drew from many sources and transcends any one [[music genre]].Brackett, John (2008). "Examining rhythmic and metric practices in Led Zeppelin’s musical style." ''Popular Music,'' Volume 27/1, pp. 53–76. Cambridge University Press.Peter Buckley, "[http://books.google.com/books?id=7ctjc6UWCm4C The rough guide to rock]", ''[[Penguin Books]]'', Third Edition, ISBN 1-85828-457-0, pp. 585. "Led Zeppelin transcended the hard rock/heavy metal label slapped on them by some. Indeed, they epitomized the synthesis of multiple influences that characterized the best of 70s rock, while producing music that was stamped with their own dynamic identity." Led Zeppelin did not release songs from their albums as singles in the UK, as they preferred to develop the concept of "[[album-oriented rock]]".{{cite web|url= http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wifexqe5ldde~T1|title= Led Zeppelin Biography |accessdate=11 November 2008 |last= Erlewine |first= Stephen Thomas |publisher=Allmusic}} Thirty years after disbanding following Bonham's death in 1980, the band continues to be held in high regard for their artistic achievements, commercial success, and broad influence. The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide,{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/jul/29/musicnews.music |title=Led Zeppelin join the net generation |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=10 February 2010 | location=London | first=Vanessa | last=Thorpe | date=29 July 2007}} including 111.5 million certified units in the United States, making them one of the [[list of best-selling music artists|best-selling music artists]] of all time. They have had all of their original studio albums reach the top 10 of the ''Billboard'' album chart in the US, with six reaching the number one spot.{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wifexqe5ldde~T5 |title=– Led Zeppelin Billboard Albums |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Led Zeppelin are ranked number one on [[VH1]]'s "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock"[http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2000/vh1hardrock.htm 100 greatest artists of hard rock at vh1.com]. ''[[VH1]]''. Retrieved 17 February 2010. and ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'''s "50 Best Live Acts of All Time". ''Rolling Stone'' magazine has described Led Zeppelin as "the heaviest band of all time", "the biggest band of the '70s" and "unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history.""[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11016639/led_zeppelin_the_legend_the_classic_reviews_a_selection_of_hot_photos_and_more Led Zeppelin: The Legend, the Classic Reviews, a Selection of Hot Photos and More]", ''Rolling Stone'' 28 July 2006. Similarly, the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] describes the band as being "as influential in that decade [70s] as [[The Beatles]] were in the prior one."{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/led-zeppelin |title=Led Zeppelin, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Biography |publisher=Rockhall.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} In 2007, the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited (along with John Bonham's son, [[Jason Bonham|Jason]]) for the [[Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert]] at [[The O2 Arena (London)|The O2 Arena]] in London. The band was honoured with the "Best Live Act" prize for their one-off reunion at [[2008 MOJO Awards|MOJO Awards 2008]], where they were declared the "greatest [[rock and roll]] band of all time."[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xM3xxurMOZo&feature=related Led Zeppelin Acceptance Speech – MOJO Honours List 2008]. [[Mojo (magazine)|MOJO Magazine]]'s Official YouTube Channel. ==History== ===Formation=== The beginning of Led Zeppelin can be traced back to the English [[blues-rock|blues-influenced rock]] band [[The Yardbirds]]. Jimmy Page joined The Yardbirds in 1966 to replace bassist [[Paul Samwell-Smith]], who had decided to leave the group. Shortly after, Page switched from bass to lead guitar, creating a dual-lead guitar line up with [[Jeff Beck]]. Following the departure of Beck from the group in October 1966, The Yardbirds were tired from constant touring and recording and had begun to wind down. Page wanted to form a [[supergroup (music)|supergroup]] with himself and Beck on guitars, and [[The Who]]'s rhythm section—drummer [[Keith Moon]] and bassist [[John Entwistle]]. Vocalists [[Steve Winwood]] and [[Steve Marriott]] were also considered for the project.[[Mick Wall]] (2008), ''[[When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin]]'', London: Orion, pp. 13–15, 52.Mat Snow, “Apocalypse Thenâ€, ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' magazine, December 1990, pp. 74–82. The group never formed, although Page, Beck and Moon did record a song together in 1966, "[[Beck's Bolero]]", which is featured on Beck's 1968 album, ''[[Truth (Jeff Beck album)|Truth]]''. The recording session also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones, who told Page that he would be interested in collaborating with him on future projects. The Yardbirds played their final [[Gig (musical performance)|gig]] in July 1968. However, they were still committed to performing several concerts in Scandinavia, so drummer [[Jim McCarty]] and vocalist [[Keith Relf]] authorised Page and bassist [[Chris Dreja]] to use the Yardbirds name to fulfill the band's obligations. Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Page's first choice for lead singer, [[Terry Reid]], declined the offer, but suggested Robert Plant, a [[West Bromwich]] singer of The [[Band of Joy]].Dave Schulps, [http://www.iem.ac.ru/zeppelin/docs/interviews/page_77.trp Interview with Jimmy Page], ''[[Trouser Press]]'', October 1977. Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending a drummer, John Bonham from nearby [[Redditch]].{{cite web|url=http://home.mchsi.com/~night_flight/led_zeppelin_faq.htm|title=The Led Zeppelin Frequently Asked Questions List, v8.1, 29 September 1994|author=Digital Graffiti}}{{dead link|date=September 2010}} When Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer (he would later take the photograph that appeared on the back of Led Zeppelin's debut album), John Paul Jones, at the suggestion of his wife, contacted Page about the vacant position.Dominick A. Miserandino, [http://thecelebritycafe.com/interviews/john_paul_jones.html Led Zeppelin – John Paul Jones], TheCelebrityCafe.com. Being familiar with Jones' credentials, Page agreed to bring in Jones as the final piece. The group came together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London.Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album)|The Complete Studio Recordings]]''. The building has since been torn down, and the area has been converted into London's Chinatown.Chris Welch (1994) ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 1857979303, pp. 21, 28, 31, 37, 47, 49, 63, 68, 85, 92, 94–95. Page suggested that they try playing "[[Train Kept A-Rollin']]", a [[rockabilly]] song popularised by [[Johnny Burnette]] that had been given new life by the Yardbirds. "As soon as I heard John Bonham play," recalled Jones, "I knew this was going to be great... We locked together as a team immediately."{{cite journal|last=Gilmore|first=Mikal|title=The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin|journal=Rolling Stone|issue=1006|date=10 August 2006|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print|accessdate=9 December 2007}} Shortly afterwards, the group played together on the final day of sessions for the [[P.J. Proby]] album, ''[[Three Week Hero]]''. The album's song "Jim's Blues" was the first studio track to feature all four members of the future Led Zeppelin. Proby recalled, "Come the last day we found we had some studio time, so I just asked the band to play while I just came up with the words. ... They weren't Led Zeppelin at the time, they were the New Yardbirds and they were going to be my band."{{cite magazine| title=Led Zep were my backing band| year=2005| author=Fred Dollar| pages= 83}} The band completed the [[Led Zeppelin Scandinavian Tour 1968|Scandinavian tour]] as The New Yardbirds, playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in [[Gladsaxe Municipality|Gladsaxe]], on 7 September 1968.{{cite web|url=http://www.teenclubs.dk/Led_Zeppelins_first_gig_UK_version.html |title=Gladsaxe Teen Clubs website: Led Zeppelin's first gig |publisher=Teenclubs.dk |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/timeline/1968 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: 1968 timeline |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} However, it was clear to the band that performing under the old Yardbirds tag was akin to working under false pretenses, and upon returning from Scandinavia they decided to change their name.Lewis, Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 12. One account of the band's naming, which has become almost legendary, has it that [[Keith Moon]] and [[John Entwistle]], drummer and bassist for The Who, respectively, suggested that a possible supergroup containing themselves, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck would go down like a ''lead zeppelin'', a term Entwistle used to describe a bad gig.{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin The Story of a Band and their Music 1968–1980| year=2005| author=Keith Shadwick| page= 36|isbn=0879308710}} The group deliberately dropped the 'a' in ''Lead'' at the suggestion of their manager, [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]], to prevent "thick Americans"{{cite book| title=''[[Hammer of the Gods (book)|Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga]]'' (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages= 32, 44, 64, 190, 225, 277| isbn= 0425182134|oclc=0330438591| publisher=Berkley Boulevard Books| location=New York}} from pronouncing it ''"leed"''.{{cite web|url=http://www.jimmypageonline.com/11318/42826.html |title=(unofficial website) |publisher=Jimmy Page Online |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Grant also secured for the new band an advance deal of $200,000 from [[Atlantic Records]] in November 1968, then the biggest deal of its kind for a new band. Atlantic was a label known for a catalogue of blues, soul and jazz artists, but in the late 1960s it began to take an interest in progressive British rock acts, and signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them, largely on the recommendation of singer [[Dusty Springfield]].Ian Fortnam, "Dazed & confused", ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)]]: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin'', 2008, p. 43. Under the terms of the contract secured by Grant, the band alone would decide when they would release albums and tour, and had final say over the contents and design of each album. They also would decide how to promote each release and which (if any) tracks to release as singles, and formed their own company, Superhype, to handle all publishing rights.Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, p. 3 ===Early days (1968–1970)=== With their first album not yet released, the band made their live debut under the name "Led Zeppelin" at the [[Mayfair Ballroom]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] on 4 October 1968.{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/october-4-1968 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1968-10-04 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} This was followed by a [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1968–1969|US concert debut]] on 26 December 1968 (when promoter Barry Fey added them to a bill in [[Denver|Denver, Colorado]]{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/december-26-1968 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1968-12-26 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}) before moving on to the west coast for dates in Los Angeles, San Francisco and other cities.Thomas MacCluskey, "[http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=int1 Rock Concert Is Real Groovy]". Reproduced at www.led-zeppelin.org Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin (album)|eponymous debut album]] was released on 12 January 1969, during their first North American tour. The album's blend of blues, folk and eastern influences with distorted amplification made it one of the pivotal records in the creation of [[heavy metal music]]. However, Plant has commented that it is unfair for people to typecast the band as heavy metal, since about a third of their music was acoustic.''The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The 70s: Have a Nice Decade'' (1995), film directed by Bill Richmond. On their first album Plant receives no credit for his contributions to the songwriting, a result of his previous association with [[CBS Records]].Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9, p. 14. [[File:LedZepMontreaux.jpg|thumb|left|Led Zeppelin members [[Robert Plant]] (left) and [[Jimmy Page]] performing live in [[Montreux]], 1970]] In an interview for the ''[[Profiled (Led Zeppelin album)|Led Zeppelin Profiled]]'' radio promo CD (1990) Page said that the album took about 36 hours of studio time to create (including mixing), and stated that he knows this because of the amount charged on the studio bill.''[[Profiled (Led Zeppelin album)]]'' radio promo CD, 1990 Peter Grant claimed the album cost £1,750 to produce (including artwork).{{cite book| title=[[Hammer of the Gods (book)|Hammer of the Gods]] (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages= 44, 64, 190, 225, 277| ISBN=033043859X}} By 1975, the album had grossed $7,000,000.[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?pid=5047&aid=10331 Billboard discography]{{dead link|date=September 2010}} Led Zeppelin met an interesting protest when Countess Eva von Zeppelin (granddaughter of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the creator of the [[Zeppelin]] airships) objected to the band's use of her family name and attempted to stop a March 1969 television appearance in Copenhagen. When the band returned to Copenhagen for a concert in February 1970, they were billed as "[[Led Zeppelin European Tour 1970|The Nobs]]" as the result of a threat of legal action from von Zeppelin.Keith Shadwick ''Led Zeppelin 1968–1980: The Story Of A Band And Their Music'' ([http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/bookshelf/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001958757 excerpt posted on Billboard.com]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}) She is reported to have said: "They may be world famous, but a couple of shrieking monkeys are not going to use a privileged family name without permission." In their first year, Led Zeppelin managed to complete four US and four UK [[Concert tour|concert tour]]s, and also released their second album, entitled ''[[Led Zeppelin II]]''.{{cite magazine| title=No Way Out| year=2005| author=Mick Wall| pages= 83}} Recorded almost entirely on the road at various North American recording studios, the second album was an even greater success than the first and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK.{{cite web|url=http://www.connollyco.com/discography/led_zeppelin/led2.html |title=Review of Led Zeppelin II at Connolly & Company.com |publisher=Connollyco.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Here the band further developed ideas established on their debut album, creating a work which became even more widely acclaimed and arguably more influential.{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:he61mpc39f8o |title=Review of Led Zeppelin II at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date=1969-10-22 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} It has been suggested that ''Led Zeppelin II'' largely wrote the blueprint for heavy metal bands that followed it.{{cite book|last=Erlewine|first=Stephen Thomas|year=2007|title=All Music Guide Required Listening: Classic Rock|edition=1st|location=San Francisco|publisher=Backbeat Books|page=98|isbn=0-87930-917-2}} Following the album's release, Led Zeppelin completed several more tours of the United States. They played often, initially in clubs and [[ballroom]]s, then in larger [[auditorium]]s and eventually [[stadium]]s as their popularity grew. [[Led Zeppelin concerts]] could last more than four hours, with expanded, [[Improvisation#Musical improvisation|improvised]] live versions of their song repertoire. Many of these shows have been preserved as [[Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings]]. It was also during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off-stage excess. One alleged example of such extravagance was the [[shark episode]], or red snapper incident, which is said to have taken place at the [[The Edgewater|Edgewater Inn]] in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], on 28 July 1969.{{cite book| title=Hammer of the Gods (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| page= 103}}[[Mick Wall]]. "[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5037614.ece The truth behind the Led Zeppelin legend]", ''Times Online'', 1 November 2008 For the composition of their third album, ''[[Led Zeppelin III]]'', Jimmy Page and Robert Plant retired to [[Bron-Yr-Aur]], a remote cottage in Wales, in 1970.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/history/pages/led-zeppelin-bron-yr-aur.shtml|title=BBC Wales Music - Bron-Yr-Aur}} The result was a more acoustic sound (including one entirely acoustic song, "Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp", misspelt as "[[Bron-Y-Aur Stomp]]" on the album cover), which was strongly influenced by [[folk music|folk]] and [[Celtic music]], and revealed the band's versatility.Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press. The album's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions, with many critics and fans surprised at the turn taken away from the primarily electric compositions of the first two albums. Over time, however, its reputation has improved and ''Led Zeppelin III'' is now generally praised.{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:2z3tk6sx9krj|title=Review of Led Zeppelin III at Allmusic}}{{cite web|url=http://www.q4music.com/nav?page=q4music.review.redirect&fixture_review=124845&resource=124845&fixture_artist=144739|title=Q4 Review of Led Zeppelin 3}} It has a unique [[album cover]] featuring a wheel which, when rotated, displays various images through cut outs in the main jacket sleeve. The album's opening track, "[[Immigrant Song]]", was released in November 1970 by Atlantic Records as a [[Single (music)|single]] against the band's wishes.Atlantic Records had earlier released an edited version of "[[Whole Lotta Love]]", which cut the 5:34 song to 3:10, removing the abstract middle section. It included their only non-album [[A-side and B-side|b-side]], "[[Hey Hey What Can I Do]]". Even though the band saw their albums as indivisible, whole listening experiences—and their manager, [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]], maintained an aggressive pro-album stance—some singles were released without their consent. The group also increasingly resisted television appearances, enforcing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts.Dave Lewis (2003), ''Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, pp. 30, 35, 45, 49, 80.Michael Wale, "[http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1973-07-11-11-003&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1973-07-11-11 Led Zeppelin]", ''[[The Times]]'', 11 July 1973. ==="The biggest band in the world" (1971–1977)=== [[File:Zoso.svg|thumb|right|The four symbols on the label and inside sleeve of ''Led Zeppelin IV'', representing (from left to right) Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, John Bonham, and Robert Plant.]] Led Zeppelin were one of the most commercially successful and influential bands of the 1970s.Steve Waksman. [http://books.google.com/books?id=-DWxyYapaBwC&pg=PA238&dq=led+zeppelin&hl=en&ei=s0NPTImGJYm8rAfc6-HrDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=3&ved=0CDEQuwUwAjgy#v=onepage&q=led%20zeppelin&f=false Instruments of desire: the electric guitar and the shaping of musical experience]. ''[[Harvard University Press]]''. The band's popularity in the early years was dwarfed by their mid-seventies successes and it is this period that continues to define them. The band's image also changed as members began to wear elaborate, flamboyant clothing. Led Zeppelin began traveling in a private [[jet airliner]] (nicknamed ''[[The Starship]]''), rented out entire sections of hotels (most notably the [[Andaz West Hollywood|Continental Hyatt House]] in Los Angeles, known colloquially as the "Riot House"), and became the subject of many of rock's most famous stories of debauchery. One escapade involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House, while another involved the destruction of a room in the Tokyo [[Hilton Hotels|Hilton]], leading to the band being banned from that establishment for life.Nigel Williamson, "Forget the Myths", ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]'', May 2005, p. 68. However, although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing television sets out of the windows, some suggest that these tales have been somewhat exaggerated. [[music journalism|Music journalist]] [[Chris Welch]] argues that "[Led Zeppelin's] travels spawned many stories, but it was a myth that [they] were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behavior." Led Zeppelin's [[Led Zeppelin IV|fourth album]] was released on 8 November 1971. There was no indication of a title or a band name on the original cover, as the band disdained being labelled as "hyped" and "overrated" by the music press, and in response wanted to prove that the music could sell itself by giving no indication of who they were. The album remained officially untitled and is most commonly referred to as ''Led Zeppelin IV'', though it is variously referred to by the four symbols appearing on the record label, as ''Four Symbols'' and ''The Fourth Album'' (both titles were used in the [[Atlantic Records]] catalogue), ''Untitled'', ''Zoso'', ''Runes'', or ''IV''.Austin Scaggs, "[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7287549/qa_robert_plant/ Q&A: Robert Plant]", ''Rolling Stone'', 5 May 2005. ''Led Zeppelin IV'' further refined the band's unique formula of combining earthy, acoustic elements with heavy metal and blues emphases. The album included examples of hard rock, such as "[[Black Dog (song)|Black Dog]]" and an acoustic track, "[[Going to California]]" (a tribute to [[Joni Mitchell]]). "[[Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)|Rock and Roll]]" is a tribute to the early rock music of the 1950s. In 2007, the song was used prominently in [[Cadillac]] [[automobile]] commercials—one of the few instances of Led Zeppelin's surviving members licensing songs.{{cite web|url=http://advertising.about.com/b/a/256540.htm |title=Rock and Roll Dropped from Cadillac advert |publisher=Advertising.about.com |date=2006-07-27 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} {{Listen | filename = Led Zeppelin Stairway to Heaven.ogg | title = "Stairway to Heaven" | description = The song became one of the most-requested recordings in rock history. }} The album is one of the [[Best selling albums|best-selling albums]] in history and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin's superstardom in the 1970s. To date it has sold 23 million copies in the United States.{{cite web| title = Top 100 Albums| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]| url = http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTop100| accessdate = 11 August 2008}} The track "[[Stairway to Heaven]]", although never released as a [[single (music)|single]], is sometimes quoted as being the most requested,"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/indepth/stairway.shtml Sold on Song: Stairway To Heaven]", BBC.com. and most playedKaren Karbo, [http://www.superseventies.com/stairway.html"Stairway To Heaven: Is This the Greatest Song of All Time?"], ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', November 1991. [[album-oriented rock]] [[FM broadcasting|FM radio]] song. In 2005, the magazine ''[[Guitar World]]'' held a poll of readers in which "Stairway to Heaven" was voted as having the greatest [[guitar solo]] of all time.[http://guitar.about.com/library/bl100greatest.htm About Guitar, 100 Greatest Guitar Solos], accessed 10 September 2006. This song, although widely played amongst the radio stations, is also considered the "Greatest Rock Song". Many claim that this song was the definition of Led Zeppelin. Led Zeppelin's next album, ''[[Houses of the Holy]]'', was released in 1973. It featured further experimentation, with longer tracks and expanded use of synthesisers and [[mellotron]] orchestration. The song "[[Houses of the Holy (song)|Houses of the Holy]]" does not appear on its namesake album, even though it was recorded at the same time as other songs on the album; it eventually made its way onto the 1975 album ''[[Physical Graffiti]]''. The orange album cover of ''Houses of the Holy'' depicts images of nude childrenToby Manning, "Broad Church", [[Q (magazine)|Q]] Led Zeppelin Special Edition, 2003. climbing up the [[Giant's Causeway]] (in [[County Antrim|County Antrim, Northern Ireland]]). Although the children are not depicted from the front, this was controversial at the time of the album's release, and in some areas, such as the "[[Bible Belt]]" and Spain, the record was banned.[http://www.dangerousage.com/householy.html Classic Rock Covers: Led Zeppelin; ''Houses of the Holy''. Atlantic, 1973. Designer: Hipgnosis (Storm Thorgneson, Aubrey Powell)]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}Koldo Barroso, "[http://www.intuitivemusic.com/best-albums-with-nude-covers-and-the-stories-behind Best albums with nude covers and the stories behind]", intuitivemusic.com, 9 November 2006. The album topped the charts, and Led Zeppelin's subsequent [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|concert tour of North America in 1973]] broke records for attendance, as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums. At [[Tampa Stadium|Tampa Stadium, Florida]], they played to 56,800 fans (breaking the record set by [[The Beatles' 1965 U.S. tour|The Beatles at Shea Stadium in 1965]]), and grossed $309,000. Three sold-out shows at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York were filmed for a motion picture, but the theatrical release of this project (''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]'') would be delayed until 1976. Before the final night's performance, $180,000 of the band's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safe deposit box at the [[Drake Hotel (New York City)|Drake Hotel]].Blumenthal, Ralph. "Police Check Led Zeppelin Party for Clue in Theft" ''The New York Times'' 31 July 1973: 18 It was never recovered.Liner notes by [[Cameron Crowe]] for ''[[The Song Remains the Same (album)|The The Song Remains the Same]]'', reissued version, 2007. [[File:LedZeppelinChicago75.jpg|thumb|left|Led Zeppelin live at [[Chicago Stadium]], January 1975]] In 1974, Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label, [[Swan Song Records|Swan Song]], named after one of only five Led Zeppelin songs which the band never released commercially (Page later re-worked the song with his band, [[The Firm (British rock band)|The Firm]], and it appears as "Midnight Moonlight" on their [[The Firm (album)|first album]]). The record label's logo, based on a drawing called ''Evening: Fall of Day'' (1869) by [[William Rimmer]], features a picture of [[Icarus]].{{cite web| url = http://www.rimmerhistory.co.uk/will.html| title = William Rimmer: A Claim to Fame| accessdate = 1 February 2008| date = September 2006}}{{dead link|date=September 2010}} The logo can be found on much Led Zeppelin memorabilia, especially [[t-shirt]]s. In addition to using Swan Song as a vehicle to promote their own albums, the band expanded the label's roster, signing artists such as [[Bad Company]], [[The Pretty Things]], [[Maggie Bell]], Detective, [[Dave Edmunds]], Midnight Flyer, [[Sad Café (band)|Sad Café]] and Wildlife. The label was successful while Led Zeppelin existed, but folded less than three years after they disbanded. 24 February 1975 saw the release of Led Zeppelin's first double album, ''[[Physical Graffiti]]'', which was their first release on the [[Swan Song Records]] label. It consisted of fifteen songs, eight of which were recorded at [[Headley Grange]] in 1974, and the remainder being tracks previously recorded but not released on earlier albums. A review in ''Rolling Stone'' magazine referred to ''Physical Graffiti'' as Led Zeppelin's "bid for artistic respectability," adding that the only competition the band had for the title of 'World's Best Rock Band' were [[The Rolling Stones]] and The Who.Jim Miller, "[http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/albums/album/158693/review/5944206/physical_graffiti Album Review: Physical Graffiti]", ''Rolling Stone'', 27 March 1975. The album was a massive fiscal and critical success. Shortly after the release of ''Physical Graffiti'', all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top-200 album chart,{{cite book| title=Hammer of the Gods (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| pages=225, 277|isbn=033043859X}} and the band embarked on another [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1975|North American tour]], again playing to record-breaking crowds. In May 1975, Led Zeppelin played five highly successful, sold-out nights at the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court Arena]] in London, footage of which was released in 2003, on the ''Led Zeppelin DVD''. Following these triumphant [[Earls Court 1975|Earls Court appearances]] Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned a series of outdoor summer concerts in America, scheduled to open with two dates in San Francisco. These plans were thwarted in August 1975 when Robert Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in [[Rhodes]], Greece. Robert suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured; a [[blood transfusion]] saved her life. Unable to tour, Plant headed to the channel island of [[Jersey]] to spend August and September recuperating, with Bonham and Page in tow. The band then reconvened in [[Malibu, California]]. It was during this forced hiatus that much of the material for their next album, ''[[Presence (album)|Presence]]'', was written. {{Listen | filename = Led Zeppelin Achilles Last Stand.ogg | title = "Achilles Last Stand" | description = Jimmy Page calls the guitar solo his favorite. }} By this time, Led Zeppelin were the world's number one rock attraction, having outsold most bands of the time, including the Rolling Stones. ''Presence'', released in March 1976, marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams, departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums. Though it was a [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] seller, ''Presence'' received mixed responses from critics and fans and some speculated the band's legendary excesses may have caught up with them.[[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]], [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/albums/album/224305/review/5945483/presence "Album Review: Presence"], ''Rolling Stone'', 20 May 1976. The recording of ''Presence'' coincided with the beginning of Page's heroin use, which may have interfered with Led Zeppelin's later live shows and studio recordings, although Page has denied this.Jonh Ingham, "[http://www.rocksbackpages.com/article.html?ArticleID=7687 Led Zeppelin: Presence (Swan Song)]", ''Sounds'', 10 April 1976. Reproduced in Rock's Backpages.com Despite the original criticisms, Jimmy Page has called ''Presence'' his favourite album, and its opening track "[[Achilles Last Stand]]" his favourite Led Zeppelin song. In an interview with a Swedish TV programme, Plant stated that ''Presence'' is the album that sounds the most "Led Zeppelin" of all their LPs.From interview in Swedish TV programme "MusikbyrÃ¥n" around the time of Led Zeppelin receiving the [[Polar Music Prize]]. Plant's injuries prevented Led Zeppelin from touring in 1976. Instead, the band finally completed the concert film ''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains The Same]]'', and [[The Song Remains the Same (album)|the soundtrack album]] of the film. The recording had taken place during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden in July 1973, during the band's [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1973|concert tour of North America]]. The film premiered in New York on 20 October 1976, but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans. The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK, where, after being unwilling to tour since 1975 due to a taxation exile, Led Zeppelin were facing an uphill battle to recapture the public spotlight at home.{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin: The Story of a band and Their Music 1968–1980| year=2005| location=San Francisco| publisher=Backbeat Books| author=Keith Shadwick| page= 320| isbn=9780879308711}} [[File:Jimmy Page with Robert Plant 2 - Led Zeppelin - 1977.jpg|thumb|Plant (left) and Page (right) on stage during the 1977 North American tour]] In 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another major [[Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1977|concert tour of North America]]. Here the band set another attendance record, with 76,229 people attending their Pontiac Silverdome concert on 30 April.{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/April-30-1977 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1977-04-30 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} It was, according to the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'', the largest attendance to date for a single act show. However, though the tour was financially profitable it was beset with off-stage problems. On 19 April over 70 persons were arrested as about 1,000 ticketless fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold out festival seating concerts while some tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass entrance doors. On 3 June a concert at [[Tampa Stadium]] was cut short because of a severe [[thunderstorm]], despite tickets printed with "Rain or Shine". A [[riot]] broke out amongst the audience, resulting in several arrests and injuries.{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/june-3-1977 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1977-06-03 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} After a 23 July show{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/july-23-1977 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1977-07-23 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} at the "[[Days on the Green]]" festival at the [[Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum|Oakland Coliseum]] in [[Oakland, California]], John Bonham and members of the band's support staff (including manager Peter Grant and security coordinator [[John Bindon]]) were arrested after a member of promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]]'s staff was badly beaten during the band's performance. A member of the staff had allegedly slapped Grant's son when he was taking down a dressing room sign. This was seen by John Bonham, who came over and kicked the man. Then, when Grant heard about this, he went into the trailer, along with Bindon and assaulted the man while tour manager Richard Cole stood outside and guarded the trailer.{{cite book| title=Hammer of the Gods (LPC)| year=1995| author=Stephen Davis| page= 277}}{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin: The Definitive Biography| year=1993| author=Ritchie Yorke| page=210}} The following day's second Oakland concert{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/july-24-1977 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1977-07-24 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} would prove to be the band's final live appearance in the United States. Two days later, as the band checked in at a [[French Quarter]] hotel for their 30 July performance at the [[Louisiana Superdome]], news came that Plant's five year old son, Karac, had died from a stomach virus. The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled, prompting widespread speculation about the band's future. ===Bonham's death and break-up (1978–1980)=== November 1978 saw the group recording again, this time at [[Polar Studios]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden. The resultant album was ''[[In Through the Out Door]]'', which exhibited a degree of sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics. Nevertheless, the band still commanded legions of loyal fans, and the album easily reached #1 in the UK and the US in just its second week on the ''Billboard'' album chart. As a result of this album's release, Led Zeppelin's entire catalogue made the ''Billboard'' Top 200 between the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979. In August 1979, after two warm-up shows in [[Copenhagen]], Led Zeppelin headlined [[Knebworth Festival 1979|two concerts]] at the [[Concerts at Knebworth House|Knebworth Music Festival]], where crowds of close to 120,000 witnessed the return of the band. However, Plant was not eager to tour full-time again, and even considered leaving Led Zeppelin. He was persuaded to stay by Peter Grant. A brief, low-key [[Tour Over Europe 1980|European tour]] was undertaken in June and July 1980, featuring a stripped-down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos. At one show on 27 June, in [[Nuremberg]], Germany, the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song when John Bonham collapsed on stage and was rushed to a hospital.{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/june-27-1980 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1980-06-27 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Press speculation arose that Bonham's problem was caused by an excess of alcohol and drugs, but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten, and they completed the show.{{cite web|url=http://ledzeppelin.com/show/july-7-1980 |title=Led Zeppelin official website: concert summary |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date=1980-07-07 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} On 24 September 1980, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at [[Bray Studios (UK)|Bray Studios]] for the upcoming North American tour, the band's first since 1977, scheduled to commence on 17 October. During the journey Bonham had asked to stop for breakfast, where he downed four quadruple [[vodka]]s (450 ml), with a ham roll. After taking a bite of the ham roll he said to his assistant, "Breakfast". He continued to drink heavily when he arrived at the studio. A halt was called to the rehearsals late in the evening and the band retired to Page's house—The Old Mill House in [[Clewer]], [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]]. After midnight, Bonham had fallen asleep and was taken to bed and placed on his side. At 1:45 pm the next day Benji LeFevre (who had replaced [[Richard Cole]] as Led Zeppelin's tour manager) and John Paul Jones found him dead. The cause of death was [[asphyxia]]tion from vomit, and a verdict of accidental death was returned at an inquest held on 27 October. An [[autopsy]] found no other drugs in Bonham's body. Bonham was cremated on 10 October 1980, and his ashes buried at Rushock parish church in [[Droitwich Spa|Droitwich]], [[Worcestershire]], England. Despite rumours that [[Cozy Powell]], [[Carmine Appice]], [[Barriemore Barlow]], [[Simon Kirke]] or [[Bev Bevan]] would join the group as his replacement, the remaining members decided to disband after Bonham's death. They issued a press statement on 4 December 1980 confirming that the band would not continue without Bonham. The statement said, "We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend, and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager, have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were," and was simply signed "Led Zeppelin". ===Post-Led Zeppelin (1981–2007)=== In 1982, the surviving members of the group released a collection of out-takes from various sessions during Led Zeppelin's career, entitled ''[[Coda (album)|Coda]]''. It included two tracks taken from the band's performance at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in 1970, one each from the ''Led Zeppelin III'' and ''Houses of the Holy'' sessions, and three from the ''In Through the Out Door'' sessions. It also featured a 1976 John Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Jimmy Page, called "[[Bonzo's Montreux]]". On 13 July 1985, Page, Plant and Jones reunited for the [[Live Aid]] concert at [[John F. Kennedy Stadium|JFK Stadium, Philadelphia]], playing a short set featuring drummers [[Tony Thompson]] and [[Phil Collins]] and bassist [[Paul Martinez]]. Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's current solo band. However, the performance was marred by the lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune [[Gibson Les Paul|Les Paul]] and poorly functioning monitors, and by Plant's hoarse voice.Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press, p. 139.{{cite web|url= http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:difoxqr5ld6e~T1|title= Jimmy Page Biography| accessdate=11 November 2008|last= Prato|first= Greg|publisher=Allmusic}} Page himself has described the performance as "pretty shambolic""[http://www.list.co.uk/article/5700-jimmy-page-says-last-led-zeppelin-reunion-was-a-disaster/ Jimmy Page says last Led Zeppelin reunion was a disaster]", List.co.uk, 20 November 2007. and "clearly wasn't good enough,"James Jackson, "[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6979690.ece Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV, the band's peak and their reunion], ''[[The Times]]'', 8 January 2010. while Plant was even harsher, characterising it as an "atrocity". When Live Aid footage was released on a four-DVD set in late 2004 to raise money for [[Sudan]], the group unanimously agreed not to allow footage from their performance to be used, asserting that it was not up to their standard."[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3534576.stm Zeppelin defend Live Aid opt out]", ''BBC News'', 4 August 2004 However, to demonstrate their ongoing support for the campaign Page and Plant pledged proceeds from their forthcoming [[Page and Plant]] DVD release and John Paul Jones pledged the proceeds of his then-current North American tour with Mutual Admiration Society to the project. The three members reunited again on 14 May 1988, for the [[Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary]] concert, with Bonham's son, [[Jason Bonham]], on drums. However, the reunion was again compromised by a disjointed performance, particularly by Plant and Page (the two having argued immediately prior to coming on stage about whether to play "Stairway to Heaven"), and by the complete loss of Jones' keyboards on the live television feed.Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press, p. 140. Page later described the performance as "one big disappointment", and Plant said unambiguously that "the gig was foul". The first [[Led Zeppelin Boxed Set|Led Zeppelin box set]], featuring tracks remastered under the supervision of Jimmy Page, introduced the band's music to many new fans, stimulating a renaissance for Led Zeppelin. This set included four previously unreleased tracks, including the [[Robert Johnson (musician)|Robert Johnson]] tribute "[[Travelling Riverside Blues]]". The song peaked at number seven on the ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|Album Rock Tracks]] chart, with the video in heavy rotation on MTV. 1992 saw the release of the "[[Immigrant Song]]"/"[[Hey Hey What Can I Do]]" (the original [[A-side and B-side|b-side]]) as a CD single in the US. [[Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2]] was released in 1993; the two box sets together containing all known studio recordings, as well as some rare live tracks. In 1994, [[Page and Plant]] reunited in the form of a 90 minute "UnLedded" MTV project. They later released an album called ''[[No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded]]'', which featured some reworked Led Zeppelin songs, and embarked on a world tour the following year. This is said to be the beginning of the inner rift between the band members, as Jones was not even told of the reunion.[[Charles Shaar Murray]], "The Guv’nors'", ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'', August 2004, p. 75. Page stated: "In the 14 years from the disbanding of [Led] Zeppelin and Robert [Plant] going solo, there was a lot of water under the bridge. It was just the two of us getting our thing together and the chemistry of us, and it wasn't part of the equation, or a decision to purposely leave [John Paul Jones] out." When asked where Jones was, Plant had replied that he was out "parking the car".Adam Howorth, "[http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=int28 A life beyond Led]", 9 July 2002. Reproduced at www.led-zeppelin.org. On 12 January 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] - their first year of eligibility - by [[Aerosmith]]'s vocalist, [[Steven Tyler]] and guitarist [[Joe Perry (musician)|Joe Perry]]. Jason and Zoe Bonham also attended, representing their late father. At the [[List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees|induction ceremony]], the band's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award, "Thank you, my friends, for finally remembering my phone number", causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant.Lewis, Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 144. Afterwards, they played a brief set with Tyler and Perry (featuring [[Jason Bonham]] on drums), and with [[Neil Young]] and [[Michael Lee (musician)|Michael Lee]] replacing Bonham. On 29 August 1997, Atlantic released a single edit of "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" in the US and the UK, making it the only Led Zeppelin UK CD single. Additional tracks on this CD-single are "[[Baby Come On Home]]" and "[[Travelling Riverside Blues]]". It is the only single the band ever released in the UK. It peaked at #21.{{cite web|url=http://www.everyhit.com/ |title=– UK Top 40 Chart Archive, British Singles & Album Charts |publisher=Everyhit.com |date=2000-03-16 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} 11 November 1997 saw the release of ''[[BBC Sessions (Led Zeppelin album)|Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions]]'', the first Led Zeppelin album in fifteen years. The two-disc set included almost all of the band's recordings for the BBC. [[Page and Plant]] released another album called ''[[Walking into Clarksdale]]'' in 1998, featuring all new material. However, the album wasn't as successful as ''[[No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded|No Quarter]]'', and the band slowly dissolved. On 29 November 1999 the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] announced that the band were only the third act in music history to achieve four or more [[RIAA certification|Diamond]] albums.[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]], "[http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=109&id=3E66A511-1B98-4B07-ECD3-174C7088CDB7 Recording Industry Announces November Awards]". In 2002, Robert Plant and John Paul Jones reconciled after years of strife that kept the band apart. This was followed by rumours of reunion, quickly quashed by individual members' representatives. 2003 saw the release of a triple live album, ''[[How the West Was Won (Led Zeppelin album)|How the West Was Won]]'', and a video collection, ''[[Led Zeppelin (DVD)|Led Zeppelin DVD]]'', both featuring material from the band's heyday. By the end of the year, the DVD had sold more than 520,000 copies. Led Zeppelin were ranked #14 on ''Rolling Stone's'' 2004 list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time",{{cite web| title = The Immortals: The First Fifty| work=Rolling Stone Issue 946| publisher=Rolling Stone| url =http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5939214/the_immortals_the_first_fifty}} and the following year the band received a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]]. In November 2005, it was announced that Led Zeppelin and Russian conductor [[Valery Gergiev]] were the winners of the 2006 [[Polar Music Prize]]. The [[Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden|King of Sweden]] presented the prize to Plant, Page, and Jones, along with John Bonham's daughter, in [[Stockholm]] in May 2006."[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5007476.stm Award for 'pioneers' Led Zeppelin]", ''BBC News'', 23 May 2006. In November 2006, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]]. The television broadcasting of the event consisted of an introduction to the band by various famous admirers, a presentation of an award to Jimmy Page and then a short speech by the guitarist. After this, rock group [[Wolfmother]] played a tribute to Led Zeppelin, performing the song "[[Communication Breakdown]]"."[http://www.wolfmother.net/2006/11/16/wolfmother-led-zeppelin-tribute/ Wolfmother Led Zep tribute, and rocking Brixton]", Wolfomother.net, 16 November 2006,"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5338196.stm Led Zeppelin make UK Hall of Fame]", ''BBC News'', 23 May 2006. Despite having gained a reputation with the band for "raising hell" in the 1970s, [[Robert Plant]] was awarded a CBE by [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] for "Services to Music" in July 2009, which followed [[Jimmy Page]]'s [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] four years previously.{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/92584/led_zeppelin|title=Led Zeppelin’s Robert Plant Made a CBE|accessdate=15 July 2009|date=11 July 2009|publisher=[[idiomag]]}} On 27 July 2007, [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]]/[[Rhino Entertainment|Rhino]], & [[Warner Home Video]] announced three new Led Zeppelin titles to be released in November 2007. Released first was ''[[Mothership (album)|Mothership]]'' on 13 November, a 24-track best-of spanning the band's career, followed by a reissue of [[The Song Remains the Same (album)|the soundtrack]] to ''[[The Song Remains the Same (film)|The Song Remains the Same]]'' on 20 November which includes previously unreleased material, and a new DVD.Jonathan Cohen, "[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003617745 Led Zeppelin Readies Fall Reissue Bonanza]", ''billboard.com'', 27 July 2007. On 15 October 2007, it was reported that Led Zeppelin were expected to announce a new series of agreements that make the band's songs available as legal digital downloads, first as ringtones through [[Verizon Wireless]] then as digital downloads of the band's eight studio albums and other recordings on 13 November.Leeds, Jeff. "[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03E3D81139F936A25753C1A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&&scp=3&sq=Led%20Zeppelin%20gives%20in%20to%20digital%20sales&st=cse Led Zeppelin Agrees to Make Its Songs Available Digitally]". New York Times, 15 October 2007 The offerings will be available through both Verizon Wireless and [[iTunes Store|iTunes]]. On 3 November 2007, a UK newspaper the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' announced that it had world exclusive rights to stream six previously unreleased tracks via its [http://www.mirror.co.uk/ledzeppelin website]{{dead link|date=September 2010}}. On 8 November 2007, [[XM Satellite Radio]] launched XM LED, the network's first artist-exclusive channel dedicated to Led Zeppelin. On 13 November 2007, Led Zeppelin's complete works were published on iTunes. ===2007 reunion=== {{Main|Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert}} On 10 December 2007, the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited for a one-off [[benefit concert]] held in memory of music executive [[Ahmet Ertegun|Ahmet Ertegün]], with [[Jason Bonham]] taking up his late father's place on drums. It was announced on 12 September 2007 by promoter [[Harvey Goldsmith]] in a press conference. The concert was to help raise money for the Ahmet Ertegün Education Fund, which pays for university scholarships in the UK, US and [[Turkey]]. Music critics praised the band's performance. Hamish MacBain of ''NME'' proclaimed, "What they have done here tonight is proof they can still perform to the level that originally earned them their legendary reputation...We can only hope this isn't the last we see of them."Hamish MacBain, [http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/33079 "Led Zeppelin reunion: the review" ''New Musical Express''], 10 December 2007. Page suggested the band may start work on new material,"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7049242.stm Zeppelin may make new material]", ''BBC News'', 17 October 2007. and stated that a world tour may be in the works."[http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/32512 Jimmy Page hints at more shows]", ''New Musical Express'', 14 December 2008. Meanwhile, Plant made his reluctance regarding a reunion tour known to ''The Sunday Times'', stating: "having to live up to something is terribly serious." However, he also made it known that he could be in favour of more one-off shows in the near future: "It wouldn't be such a bad idea to play together from time to time."[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3005424.ece Edwards, Mark. "The musical marriage of Robert Plant and Alison Krauss" ''The Sunday Times'' 9 December 2007]{{dead link|date=September 2010}} ===Reunion tour reports (2008–2010)=== Following the reunion concert and the press coverage it generated, speculation on the future of the band and the possibility of a tour with Jason Bonham on drums increased to a level not seen in several years. In an interview promoting the release of the ''Mothership'' compilation in Tokyo early in 2008, Jimmy Page revealed that he was prepared to embark upon a world tour with Led Zeppelin, but due to Robert Plant's tour commitments with [[Alison Krauss]], such plans would not be announced until at least September.{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/01/28/led-zeppelin-guitarist-wa_n_83534.html|title=Led Zeppelin Guitarist Wants World Tour|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=28 January 2008|author=Tamlmadge, Eric|accessdate=25 November 2008}} Showing enthusiasm for continued performing, in late spring Page and Jones joined [[Foo Fighters]] frontman [[Dave Grohl]] and drummer [[Taylor Hawkins]] onstage at [[Wembley Stadium]] to perform Led Zeppelin tracks "[[Rock and Roll (Led Zeppelin song)|Rock and Roll]]" (Hawkins on vocals and Grohl on drums), followed by "[[Ramble On]]" (Grohl on vocals and Hawkins on drums).{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_7442000/7442390.stm|author=Jones, Damian|title=Led Zep stars join Foo Fighters|publisher=BBC|date=8 June 2008|accessdate=25 November 2008}} Plant however continued to remain focused on his recent work and tour with Krauss. Their duet album ''[[Raising Sand]] '' became certified platinum in March,{{cite web|url=http://www.countrystandardtime.com/news/newsitem.asp?xid=1519&t=Alison_Krauss_Robert_Plant_go_platinum|title=Alison Krauss/Robert Plant go platinum|publisher=Country Standard Time|date=20 March 2008|accessdate=25 November 2008}} and their recordings received awards including a Grammy for the song "Gone, Gone, Gone (Done Moved On)"{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/10/grammy.winners/index.html|title=List of Grammy winners|publisher=CNN |date=10 February 2008|accessdate=25 November 2008}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}} and Album of the Year from the [[Americana Music Association]].{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-09-19-americana-awards_N.htm|title=Krauss, Plant big winners at Americana awards|publisher=USA Today|date=19 September 2008|accessdate=26 November 2008}} Along with concentrating on the duo's American tour, Plant remained evasive on the subject of a Led Zeppelin reunion tour, and expressed displeasure at the process leading up to the 2007 reunion show during an interview with [[GQ|GQ Magazine]], saying "The endless paperwork was like nothing I've experienced before. I've kept every one of the emails that were exchanged before the concert and I'm thinking of compiling them for a book, which I feel sure would be hailed as a sort of literary version of [[Spinal Tap (band)|Spinal Tap]]."{{cite web|url=http://www.therockradio.com/2008/09/paperwork-holds-up-led-zeppelin-reunion.html|publisher=therockradio.com|title=Robert Plant says "paperwork" holds up Led Zeppelin reunion|date=19 September 2008|accessdate=25 November 2008}} After the BBC reported in late August that Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and Jason Bonham had been recording material which could become a new Led Zeppelin project,{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7582917.stm|title=Led Zeppelin trio back in studio|publisher=BBC|date=26 August 2008|accessdate=25 November 2008}} the rumours of a reunion began to accumulate through the remaining summer.{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1712616.ece|title=Led Zeppelin plan to audition new singer|publisher=[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]|date=20 September 2008|accessdate=20 September 2008}}{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,24405451-5012327,00.html|publisher=Daily Telegraph Sydney|title=Led Zeppelin to reunite|accessdate=26 September 2008 | date=26 September 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/09/27/zep-s-jason-sells-up-for-world-tour-115875-20755279/|publisher=The Daily Mirror|author=Chaytor, Rod|date=27 September 2008|accessdate=27 September 2008|title=Zep's Jason sells up for 'world tour'}} On 29 September Plant released a statement in which he called reports of a Led Zeppelin reunion "frustrating and ridiculous". He said he would not be recording or touring with the band, before adding, "I wish Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and Jason Bonham nothing but success with any future projects."{{cite web|url=http://www.robertplant.com/index.php?l1=2&l2=0&l3=0&articleID=186&rt=NE&PHPSESSID=6235928e9e15317186503f0c80686264|title=Robert Plant – Official Statement|publisher=robertplant.com|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=29 September 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aU_5GfM1LTsc&refer=muse|title=Led Zeppelin Singer Robert Plant Rules Out Reunion Record, Tour|publisher=Bloomberg |author=Beech, Mark|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=29 September 2008}} Following Plant's statement, authoritative but divergent views of the possibility of a Led Zeppelin reunion tour the next year were offered by John Paul Jones and promoter Harvey Goldsmith. In late October, Jones confirmed to [[BBC Radio Devon]] in Exeter that he, Page, and Bonham were seeking a replacement for Plant. The bassist remarked: "We are trying out a couple of singers. We want to do it. It's sounding great and we want to get on and get out there."{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/7694327.stm|title=Zeppelin to go back on the road|publisher=BBC Devon|date=27 October 2008|accessdate=30 October 2008}} The next day, Goldsmith commented on the prospect of a Led Zeppelin reunion, casting doubt on the possibility or wisdom of such a venture. In an interview with BBC News, Goldsmith stated "I think that there is an opportunity for them to go out and present themselves. I don't think a long rambling tour is the answer as Led Zeppelin." The Ertegün Concert promoter felt the result of the ongoing plans of Jones, Page, and Bonham would not be "called Led Zeppelin".{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7695866.stm|title=Zep warned off "pointless" tour|publisher=BBC News|author=Youngs, Ian|date=28 October 2008|accessdate=30 October 2008}} A spokesman for guitarist Jimmy Page later confirmed this, telling RollingStone.com that a new band featuring Page, bassist John Paul Jones and drummer Jason Bonham would not go by the name Led Zeppelin due to the absence of singer Robert Plant.{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2008/11/13/could-a-robert-plant-free-led-zeppelin-tour-succeed/|work=Rolling Stone |title=Could a Robert Plant-Free Led Zeppelin Tour Succeed?|date=13 November 2008|accessdate=25 November 2008}} The singer that was strongly rumoured to be working with Jones, Page, and Bonham was [[Alter Bridge]] frontman [[Myles Kennedy]];{{cite web|url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article1796429.ece/|work=The Sun |title=Led Zep are going for Myles|date=11 October 2008|accessdate=30 June 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}} however, Kennedy, though confirming that he did write songs and briefly play music with them, later denied that he would be in a band with them.{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=112790|work=Blabbermouth.net |title=ALTER BRIDGE Singer Says Jamming With LED ZEPPELIN Members Was 'Surreal'|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=30 June 2010}} On 7 January 2009, [[MusicRadar]] reported that Jimmy Page's manager Robert Mensch said that the band had "tried out a few singers, but no one worked out, that was it. The whole thing is completely over now. There are absolutely no plans for them to continue."{{cite web|title="Led Zeppelin are over!" says Jimmy Page's manager|url=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/led-zeppelin-are-over-says-jimmy-pages-manager-190946|author=Bosso, Joe|publisher=[[MusicRadar]]|date=7 January 2009}}{{cite web|title=“Led Zeppelin Are Over,†Jimmy Page’s Manager Declares|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/01/08/led-zeppelin-are-over-jimmy-pages-manager-declares/|work=Rolling Stone|author=Kreps, Daniel|date=8 January 2009|accessdate=8 January 2009}} In a radio interview, Plant cited a fear of disappointment as a major factor for not continuing a reunited Zeppelin. "The disappointment that could be there once you commit to that and the comparisons to something that was basically fired by youth and a different kind of exuberance to now, it's very hard to go back and meet that head on and do it justice."[http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/42530 Robert Plant: 'Led Zeppelin reunion scrapped because it feels incomplete']. ''[[NME]]''. Retrieved 3 February 2010. On 28 October 2009 it was reported by [[NME]] that Robert Plant had revealed that he was in talks with [[Michael Eavis]] to perform at the 2010 [[Glastonbury Festival]] in England. Plant said he did not know who he would perform with, thus sparking rumours that Led Zeppelin would perform.{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/led-zeppelin/48055 |title=Led Zeppelin's Robert Plant in Glastonbury 2010 talks |publisher=Nme.com |date=2009-10-26 |accessdate=2010-09-05}}{{cite web|url=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/led-zeppelin-to-reunite-for-glastonbury-2010-224948 |title=Led Zeppelin to reunite for Glastonbury 2010? |publisher=Musicradar.com |date=2009-10-27 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} On 23 March 2010, Led Zeppelin turned down an offer to headline [[Download Festival]] taking place at [[Donington Park]], England in June.{{cite web|url=http://www.idiomag.com/peek/107988/led_zeppelin|title=Led Zeppelin Turn Down Offer to Headline Download Festival|accessdate=23 March 2010|date=|publisher=[[idiomag]]}} While talking to [[XFM]], promoter Andy Copping stated: "If I could get Led Zeppelin to play at Download, it would be phenomenal. If that's not going to happen, I'm more than happy with what we've got. Every single festival in the world approaches Led Zeppelin or their management to get them to play at their festival. Loads of money gets thrown out. It's not what they want to do at the moment and that's fine. They probably never will, but everyone has a stab at it."{{cite web|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=137217|title=LED ZEPPELIN Approached To Headline U.K.'s DOWNLOAD Festival|accessdate=23 March 2010|date=|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}} ==Legacy and influence== ===Awards, honours and accolades=== Led Zeppelin are widely considered to be one of the most powerful, innovative,[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A593101 Led Zeppelin- the Band]. ''[[h2g2|BBC h2g2]]''. Retrieved 31 August, 2010. successful,Bill Meredith. [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fiftxqr5ldhe Robert Plant]. ''[[Allmusic]]''. Retrieved 02 August, 2010. and influential bands in the history of rock music.Scott Witmer. [http://books.google.com/books?id=PpX6xBSj-MQC&pg=PT10&dq=led+zeppelin History of Rock Bands]. ISBN 9781604536928. ABDO Publishing Company.Thomas W. Friend. [http://www.cuttingedge.org/fallen-angel-chapter-one.pdf Fallen Angel: The Untold Story of Jimmy Page and Led Zeppelin]. ''Gabriel Publications'' The band have been nominated for and won several awards,{{cite web|url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/led-zeppelin-awards-featured.html |title=Led Zeppelin Awards and Features |publisher=MetroLyrics |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} including the [[Q Awards|Q Merit Award]] in 1992,{{cite web|url=http://www.ledzeppelin.com/video/q-awards-1992 |title=Official Video: Q Merit Award |publisher=Ledzeppelin.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} a [[Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2005,{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/ |title=Lifetime Achievement Award |publisher=Grammy |date=2009-02-08 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} the [[Polar Music Prize]] in 2006,{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/music/news/article_1165837.php/Polar_Music_Prize_to_Led_Zeppelin_and_Russia_s_Valery_Gergiev: |title=Polar Music Prize to Led Zeppelin and Russia's Valery Gergiev |publisher=Monstersandcritics.com |date=2006-05-22 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} a [[2008 MOJO Awards|MOJO Award in 2008]] voted by readers for the "best live act",{{cite web|accessdate=8 December 2008|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/news/20080616_mojo.shtml|title=MOJO Award Winners|publisher=BBC|date=16 June 2008}} and inductions into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] (12 January 1995),{{cite web|url=http://www.rockhall.com/inductees/inductee-list/ |title=Inductee List: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |publisher=Rockhall.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[UK Music Hall of Fame]] (16 November 2004),{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5338196.stm |title=BBC:Led Zeppelin make UK Hall of Fame |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-09-12 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} and the [[Mojo (magazine)#Special editions|Mojo Hall of Fame 100]] (November 2003: 10th Anniversary Issue).[http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/mojo.html The Mojo Hall of Fame 100]. ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo Magazine]]''. Retrieved 18 April 2010. The band are ranked #1 on [[VH1]]'s ''100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock'' and #4 on their list of ''100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll''.[http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1998/vh1artists.htm VH1: 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll]. ''[[VH1]]''. Retrieved 23 May 2010. In February 2002, Led Zeppelin were ranked the third-greatest band of all time by ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' magazine."[http://books.google.com/books?id=qK2SnZnMMaoC&pg=PA60&dq=ramones+zeppelin+intitle:spin&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=ramones%20zeppelin%20intitle%3Aspin&f=false The 50 Greatest Bands]". ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' February 2002: 60 In January 2005, Led Zeppelin were honoured with the "International Artist Award" at the [[American Music Award]]s.[http://books.google.com/books?id=yAsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT16&lpg=PT16#v=onepage&q=&f=false The International Newsweekly of Music: 11 Feb 1995]. ''[[Billboard (magazine)]]'' The four members of Led Zeppelin were voted the United Kingdom's ideal [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] in a 2005 [[Planet Rock (radio station)|Planet Rock]] radio poll.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4669597.stm |title=BBC: Zeppelin voted 'ideal supergroup' |publisher=BBC News |date=2005-07-10 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Led Zeppelin are ranked no. 1 on ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock's]]'' "50 Best Live Acts of All Time".[http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/classicrock.htm 50 Best Live Acts of All Time (April 2008)]. ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock Magazine]]''. Retrieved 18 April 2010. The band topped "''[[NME|NME's]] Pop Poll''" for consecutive three years (1974–76) under the category of the best "Vocal Group".[http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/poppoll.html Pop Poll Results 1952–1996]. ''[[NME]]''. Retrieved 18 April 2010. Led Zeppelin were honoured with the "Outstanding Achievement Award" at the ''[[GQ]]'' Men of the Year Awards 2008.Victoria Hannaford. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/6music/news/20080903_GQAwards.shtml Led Zeppelin at GQ Awards]. ''[[BBC]]''. Retrieved 25 July 2010. At the end of the [[BBC Two]] series "[[I'm in a Rock 'n' Roll Band!]]" on 5 June 2010, Led Zeppelin were named the best rock 'n' roll band of all time.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/rocknrollband/ Radio 2 – Rock And Roll Band]. ''[[BBC]]'' [[File:Jimmy Page 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Led Zeppelin were voted the "best live act" at [[2008 MOJO Awards]]|alt= Jimmy Page at Mojo Awards 2008.]] The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide,{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticrecords.com/ledzeppelin |title=Led Zeppelin |publisher=Atlantic Records |accessdate=8 June 2009}} including 111.5 million certified units in the United States{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt |title=Top Selling Artists |author=RIAA}} and, according to the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], is one of the three acts in music history to achieve four or more Diamond albums – the other two being [[The Beatles]] and [[Garth Brooks]].{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_year_filter=&resultpage=109&id=3E66A511-1B98-4B07-ECD3-174C7088CDB7 |title=RIAA News Room |publisher=Riaa.com |date=1999-11-29 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Hilary Rosen]], then-president and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, said in 1999 that "Led Zeppelin is one of the most popular and influential rock bands of all time. Thirty years after their debut, the band’s appeal is as strong as ever. It’s fitting that these rock icons are multiple Diamond winners."{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/newsitem.php?news_month_filter=3&news_year_filter=1999&resultpage=&id=94152BE9-9138-3E48-DA14-40272B8E84F6 |title=RIAA News Room: The Recording Industry's New Diamond Award Mines Best-Sellers |publisher=Riaa.com |date=1999-03-31 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Similarly, ''[[The Times|Times Online]]'' has described Led Zeppelin as "the world’s greatest heavy rock band"[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6959424.ece Times Online]{{dead link|date=September 2010}} and "the world's most powerful band".[http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article2407838.ece The 10 Led Zeppelin songs you really should know]. ''[[The Times]]'' Rock critic [[Mikal Gilmore]] has suggested that "Led Zeppelin—talented, complex, grasping, beautiful and dangerous—made one of the most enduring bodies of composition and performance in [[20th-century music|twentieth-century music]], despite everything they had to overpower, including themselves". Led Zeppelin have been the subject of many tribute albums, particularly ''[[Encomium: A Tribute to Led Zeppelin]]'', which was recorded by various artists, including [[Duran Duran]], [[Stone Temple Pilots]] and [[Sheryl Crow]], and released by Atlantic Records on 14 March 1995. Other notable tribute compilations include ''[[Out Through the in Door]]'' by [[Vanilla Fudge]] and ''[[Great Zeppelin: A Tribute to Led Zeppelin]]'' by [[Great White]]. Many well-known artists from classical, reggae, jazz, heavy metal, and rockabilly music such as [[Alexis Korner]], [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], [[King Curtis]], [[Tina Turner]], [[Rolf Harris]], [[Sandie Shaw]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[Jeff Buckley]] and [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] have also recorded tribute albums and cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs, and an all-'Stairway to Heaven' tribute CD was issued by Australian [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC television]] programme ''[[The Money or the Gun]]'' in 1992. Several renowned public figures and media personalities have also expressed tributes to the band. Radio consultant [[Lee Abrams]][http://voices.washingtonpost.com/washbizblog/2008/03/xms_lee_abrams_moves_to_tribun.html XM's Lee Abrams Moves To Tribune Co.]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'' noted in 1988 that "Other than [[the Beatles]], for album radio they're the most important band. Nobody seems to get tired of them, and a lot of the new bands in that genre obviously owe a debt to them." Similarly, [[John Kalodner]], then-[[Artists and repertoire|A&R]] [[Music executive|executive]] of [[Geffen Records]], remarked that "In my opinion, next to the Beatles they're the most influential band in history. They influence the way music is on records, [[Album-oriented rock|AOR]] radio, concerts. They set the standards for the AOR-radio format with 'Stairway to Heaven,' having AOR hits without necessarily having [[Top 40]] hits. They're the ones who did the first real big arena concert shows, consistently selling out and playing stadiums without support. People can do as well as them, but nobody surpasses them." [[Andrew Loog Oldham]], the former producer and manager of [[The Rolling Stones]], commented about how Led Zeppelin largely influenced the record business, and the way rock concerts were managed and presented to huge audiences, by the late 1960s:
    [But] Zeppelin changed so much about the record business. I mean, that was the first branding, wasn’t it? Without being disrespectful to the Stones, they were the ones who opened up the stadiums. And they had the [[Peter Grant (music manager)|first manager]] who was real violence as opposed to the Mickey Mouse stuff that had been practised in England before. With the branding of Led Zeppelin, especially on American radio, there you suddenly saw all of them, and Jimmy in particular, coming into their full force of direction with a manager who was less a svengali and more of a bean-counter and leg-breaker. It changed everything.Rob Hughes. [http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/jimmy_page/special_features/12529 THE REAL JIMMY PAGE]. ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]''. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
    [[Condoleezza Rice]], the [[List of Secretaries of State of the United States|66th United States Secretary of State]], being a former concert pianist, acknowledged Led Zeppelin are her favourite band of all time.[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/03/condi-rice-le-1.html Condi Rice loves Led Zeppelin and not being secretary of State]. ''LA Times''. Retrieved 15 February 2010. In July 2007, ''[[Led Zeppelin II]]'' topped a poll conducted to find the favourite album of British politicians commemorating the London opening of a British library display. [[Damian Green]], the [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] from the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], said "It's the ultimate album for teenage boys – metal as art. No one ever topped it. The opening riff is straightforward perfection." On the same occasion, [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] and the Member of Parliament [[Lembit Öpik]] said "Whole Lotta Love is the greatest rock song ever."[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/article-23248390-mps-stairway-to-heaven.do MPs' stairway to heaven]. ''ThisisLondon.co.uk by [[Evening Standard]]''. Retrieved 18 February 2010.[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/led-zeppelin-rocks-british-politicians/16835-8.html Led Zeppelin rocks British politicians]. ''IbnLive.com''. Retrieved 18 February 2010. Similarly, Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] has also stated that he's a fan of Led Zeppelin.[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-08-24/russia-s-medvedev-tells-u2-s-bono-that-he-s-a-fan-of-led-zeppelin-too.html Russia's Medvedev Tells U2's Bono That He's a Fan of Led Zeppelin, Too]. ''[[Bloomberg Television]]'' [[Academy Award for Best Director|Oscar-winning]] British [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]] and producer [[Danny Boyle]] has cited Led Zeppelin as his favorite music group[http://www.kcrw.com/music/programs/gd/gd090114danny_boyle Danny Boyle – Guest DJ Project]. ''[[KCRW]]'' and inspiration:
    I wish I was a rock star! Well that was sort of my dream really, was to be in Led Zeppelin. I remember reading about Led Zeppelin touring America and just going round and round America and never stopping touring, It was the only way you could break America. And I always think of them when I come to do these publicity tour rounds. I think I've got to do this, Led Zeppelin did it, I've got to do it!"[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4BA6TV20081211 Just A Minute With: British Director Danny Boyle]. ''[[Reuters]]''
    Led Zeppelin remain one of the most bootlegged artists in the history of rock music.{{cite book | author=Heylin, Clinton| title=Bootleg! The Rise & Fall of the Secret Recording Industry|publisher=Omnibus Press|year=2004|isbn=184449151X}} In August 1999, the band topped the list of Britain's most bootlegged musicians with 384 [[Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings|bootleg titles]], compiled by the [[anti-piracy|Anti-Piracy]] Unit of [[British Phonographic Industry]].[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/led-zeppelin-gain-dubious-honour-of-being-britains-most-bootlegged-band-695048.html Led Zeppelin gain dubious honour of being Britain's most bootlegged band]. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 25 March 2010.{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/422948.stm |title = Led Zeppelin rock bootleg chart |accessdate = 15 December 2007 |date = 17 August 1999 |work=BBC Online Network – Entertainment |publisher=BBC |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20020811083932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/422948.stm |archivedate = 11 August 2002 |quote = "Led Zep" have overtaken previous chart-toppers The Beatles, in the latest list compiled by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).... The BPI Anti-Piracy Unit identified 384 bootleg titles featuring Led Zeppelin performances. These albums typically contain plundered studio out-takes and amateur recordings made at concerts. }} ===Influence on other musicians=== When asked in 2006 what his biggest accomplishment was with Led Zeppelin, Page made reference to the band's legacy, particularly the way the band influenced and has been recognised by their musical peers:
    It's been a great legacy. That's what I'm proud of is the legacy of it. The fact that it's turned so many people on to want to play. That's what pulled me into playing, is hearing musicians who really really sent shivers down my spine. So that's it. That's the legacy and that's what I'm really proud of.''Led Zeppelin and the Giants of Rock'', DVD released by ''Classic Rock'' magazine, 2008.
    The band's influence has been continuous for over three decades and has affected several genres of [[popular music]]. As ''Rolling Stone'' music critic Steven Pond noted in 1988: "Nearly a decade after the band's demise, Led Zeppelin's musical influence lives on and on. Yeah, its been a long time since Led Zeppelin rock & rolled, but when it comes to modern mainstream rock music, Zep still has the touch of the gods...... just about every hard-rock and heavy-metal band that ever tromped onstage has borrowed something from its style and sound."Steven Pond,"[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17538016/led_zeppelin_the_song_remains_the_same/print Led Zeppelin: The Song Remains the Same]", ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' Paul Ress, editor of ''[[Q (magazine)|Q Magazine]]'', has remarked that "I don't think they were ever appreciated for the scale of band they were. Maybe it's a sort of 'absence makes the heart grow fonder,' but it's taken people time to realise the massive influence they had on an awful lot of music."Kim Murphy. [http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/11/world/fg-zeppelin11?pg=2 Been a long time for Led Zeppelin- Page 2]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Similarly, ''[[The New Rolling Stone Record Guide]]'' mentioned that "[Led Zeppelin's] "Whole Lotta Love" became a starting point for [[Aerosmith]], [[Guns N' Roses]] and [[Van Halen]], among others. It’s an amazing song not just for its seismic riff and bingeing-on-lust vocal performance, but for its mind-bending midsection, in which Page orchestrates the aural equivalent of an orgasm ([[Theremin]] included)."Daniel Kreps. [http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/10/22/led-zeppelin-ii-turns-40/ “Led Zeppelin II†Turns 40]. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved 29 March 2010. Many notable musicians and bands from diverse genres have acknowledged the influence of Led Zeppelin's music on their own. These include [[Aerosmith]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/aerosmith |title=Artist Profile: Aerosmith |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Black Sabbath]],{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index2.jhtml |title=MTV – Black Sabbath: The Greatest Metal Bands of all time |publisher=Mtv.com |date=2006-03-09 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Queen (band)|Queen]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/queen |title=Artist Profile: Queen |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Deep Purple]],{{cite web|last=Ankeny |first=Jason |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:difyxqe5ld6e |title=Deep Purple at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Kiss (band)|KISS]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kiss |title=Artist Profile: KISS |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Bad Company]],{{cite web|author=by |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0ifpxqw5ldse |title=Bad Company at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Funkadelic]],{{cite web|last=Bush |first=John |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gifwxqe5ldke |title=Funkadelic at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Motörhead]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jifyxqe5ldte |title=Motörhead at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Saxon (band)|Saxon]],{{cite web|last=Rivadavia |first=Eduardo |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0iftxqr5ldke |title=Saxon at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Cheap Trick]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wifuxqw5ldfe |title=Cheap Trick |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Judas Priest]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:kifrxqe5ldse |title=Judas Priest by Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Iron Maiden]],{{cite web|last=Weber |first=Barry |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3ifyxqe5ldae~T0 |title=Iron Maiden at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Venom (band)|Venom]],{{cite web|last=Ankeny |first=Jason |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jiftxqr5ldde |title=Venom |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Metallica]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:kifpxqe5ldte |title=Metallica: Allmusic Biography |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Megadeth]],{{cite web|url=http://www.seymourduncan.com/artists/interviews/dave_mustaine_o/ |title=Dave Mustaine Interview |publisher=Seymourduncan.com |date=2004-09-01 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Thin Lizzy]],{{cite web|last=Dougan |first=John |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gifexqr5ldse |title=Thin Lizzy at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[The Smashing Pumpkins]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fifyxqr5ld0e |title=Smashing Pumpkins |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Mötley Crüe]],{{cite web|last=Leahey |first=Andrew |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hifyxqe5ldte |title=Mötley Crue |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Guns N' Roses]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/gunsnroses |title=Artist Profile: Guns N' Roses |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fifqxqe5ldfe |title=Lynyrd Skynyrd |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Journey (band)|Journey]],{{cite web|last=Ruhlmann |first=William |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gifrxqe5ldse |title=Journey at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date=1954-02-27 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[AC/DC]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/acdc |title=Artist Profile: AC/DC |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[The White Stripes]],{{cite web|author=by |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hbfwxqljldae |title=The White Stripes |publisher=AllMusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Def Leppard]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/defleppard |title=Artist Profile: Def Leppard |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Soundgarden]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gifixqr5ld0e |title=Soundgarden |publisher=Allmusic |date=1997-04-09 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Pearl Jam]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?sql=11:aifqxqr5ldhe |title=Pearl Jam |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Jeff Buckley]], [[The Stone Roses]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0ifexqr5ldae |title=Stone Roses at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Limp Bizkit]], [[Boston (band)|Boston]],{{cite web|last=Ankeny |first=Jason |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?sql=11:wifrxqw5ldde |title=Almusic: Boston |publisher=Allmusic.com |date=1947-03-10 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Dinosaur Jr.]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:kifoxqe5ld6e |title=Dinosaur Jr |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Kasabian]],{{cite web|last=Jeffries |first=David |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:hbfexqualdhe |title=Kasabian at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Nickelback]],{{cite web|last=Leahey |first=Andrew |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:w9fixq9kldae |title=Nickelback |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Rainbow (band)|Rainbow]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rainbow |title=Rainbow |publisher=Rolling Stone |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[The Cult]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:y1u36j5h7190~T1 |title=The Cult: AllMusic Biography |publisher=Allmusic.com |date=1962-05-14 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Heart (band)|Heart]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/heart |title=Artist Profile: Heart |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Tori Amos]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3pfrxqq5ld6e |title=Tori Amos |publisher=Allmusic |date=1963-08-22 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[The Black Crowes]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/theblackcrowes |title=Artist Profile: The Black Crowes |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Queens of the Stone Age]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/queensofthestoneage |title=Artist Profile: Queens of the Stone Age |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Rush (band)|Rush]],{{cite web|last=Ankeny |first=Jason |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?sql=11:gifwxqr5ldke |title=Rush |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Whitesnake]],{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/whitesnake |title=Artist Profile: Whitesnake |publisher=Rollingstone.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Van Halen]],[http://www.classicvanhalen.com/bios_evh.shtml Classicvanhalen.com Guitar World Interview, February 1990]. Retrieved 9 February 2010. [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]],{{cite web|last=Prato |first=Greg |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:difrxqr5ldje |title=Red Hot Chilli Peppers |publisher=AllMusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Audioslave]],{{cite web|author=by MacKenzie Wilson |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:kxfixqw0ldke |title=Audioslave |publisher=Allmusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]],{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9901/19/madonna.lkl/ |title=Madonna: CNN Interview |publisher=Cnn.com |date=1999-01-19 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Shakira]],{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2002/jun/08/shopping.colombia|title =The poet and the princess|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=8 June 2002 | location=London | date=8 June 2002}} [[Ben Harper]],{{cite web|author=by MacKenzie Wilson |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3nfpxqe5ld0e |title=Ben Harper at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date=1969-10-28 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Velvet Revolver]],{{cite web|last=Loftus |first=Johnny |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wcfixqlaldke |title=Velvet Revolver at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Dio (band)|Dio]],{{cite web|last=Prato |first=Greg |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:0ifoxqe5ld6e |title=Dio at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Alice Cooper]],{{cite web|author=Pore-Lee-Dunn Productions |url=http://www.classicbands.com/cooper.html |title=Alice Cooper Biography |publisher=Classicbands.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Tool (band)|Tool]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:kpfuxqw5ld6e |title=Tool at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Faith No More]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gifwxqe5ldje |title=Faith No More at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date=1998-04-20 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Jane's Addiction]],{{cite web|last=Ruhlmann |first=William |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jifoxqe5ldae |title=Jane's Addiction at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Coheed and Cambria]],{{cite web|last=Leahey |first=Andrew |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wpfwxqr0ld6e |title=Coheed and Cambria at Allmusic |publisher=Allmusic.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Beastie Boys]],{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3ifqxq95ld6e |title=Beastie Boys |publisher=AllMusic |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Katie Melua]],[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/led-zeppelin-katie-melua-on-rocknroll-riffs-that-rake-the-psyche-763443.html Led Zeppelin: Katie Melua on rock'n'roll riffs that rake the psyche]. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 5 March 2010. [[Gabriella Cilmi]],Chris Johnson. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1263135/Gabriella-Cilmi-sexes-look-steamy-photoshoot.html Nothing Sweet About Me! Gabriella Cilmi sexes up her look in steamy photoshoot]. ''[[Daily Mail]]. Retrieved 4 April 2010. [[B'z]]Marian Liu. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-118822734.html Japanese rock duo B'z fueled by Beatles and Led Zeppelin]. ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' and [[Junoon (band)|Junoon]].{{cite web|url=http://www.junoon.com/articles/art_52_musicworld_may6.html |title=Salman Ahmed Interview |publisher=Junoon.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Brian May]] of Queen has praised the band's creative effort and musicianship: "I'm the world's biggest Led Zeppelin fan. The music, the way they conducted themselves, their whole management structure – they were the blueprint. Queen always used to play The Immigrant Song in sound-checks just for the glory of the sound."[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006190/bio Brian May: Personal Quotes]. ''[[Internet Movie Database|IMDB]]''. Retrieved 5 March 2010. [[Ann Wilson]] of [[Heart (band)|Heart]] has said "Led Zeppelin, you can't find a better band to pay homage to."[http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/annwilson237891.html Ann Wilson Quotes]. Retrieved 5 March 2010. [[Ozzy Osbourne]] commented in 1990 that "Led Zeppelin. I still get goosebumps. That middle section [of Whole Lotta Love] – fucking unbelievable! Those early Zeppelin albums were incredible productions. Nobody seems to do it anymore. I'd never heard anything like it before. There's so many people trying to imitate Zeppelin now."''Ozzy Osbourne''. ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine issue no. 587. 20 September 1990. [[Donovan]] has described Led Zeppelin as "the greatest Pagan [[British rock]] Band".Nick Hasted. [http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/jimmy_page/special_features/12546 THE REAL JIMMY PAGE – PART 2]. ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2010 [[Ian Astbury]] of The Cult, who credits Led Zeppelin as one of his main inspirations, stated that "I think they're probably the greatest British live rock band. The one that had a real mystique, a real aura and presence about the band. It wasn't like a band; it was like some kind of moving spiritual roadshow." The band have spawned [[Led Zeppelin covers and tributes|dozens of]] [[tribute act]]s and [[cover band]]s, notable amongst them being [[Lez Zeppelin]][http://blogcritics.org/music/article/concert-review-lez-zeppelin-denver-co/ Concert Review: Lez Zeppelin – Denver, CO]. ''[[Blogcritics]]''. Retrieved 2 February 2009. (an [[All-female band|all-female]] tribute act), [[Dread Zeppelin]][http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fifexqe5ldhe~T1 Dread Zeppelin Biography]. ''[[Allmusic]]''. Retrieved 2 February 2009. (which performs Led Zeppelin songs in a reggae style) and [[Fred Zeppelin]][http://www.laws.sandwell.gov.uk/ccm/content/councilgeneral/pressreleases/2009-05/fred-zeppelin-at-the-public.en;jsessionid=b3J97lMEb874 Fred Zeppelin At The Public]. ''[[Sandwell|Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council]]''. Retrieved 2 February 2009. (a cover band based in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] of England). ===Cultural significance=== [[File:Led-Zeppelin-Tee.jpg|thumb|A Led Zeppelin [[T-shirt]].|alt= Led Zeppelin T-Shirts and Merchandise.]] The cultural impact of Led Zeppelin, both artistically and musically, is wide and deep.[[Michael Schuman]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=8EIGOAAACAAJ&dq=led+zeppelin&lr=&cd=19 Led Zeppelin: Legendary Rock Band]. ''Enslow Publishers''. Jim Miller, editor of ''Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', argues "On one level, Led Zeppelin represents the final flowering of the sixties' psychedelic ethic, which casts rock as passive sensory involvement."[[Simon Frith]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WNubD3WKKDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=led+zeppelin&source=bl&ots=Ssx_Y2YxOJ&sig=r5l15Sl8qT-mFRlPVDohJMbnFAY&hl=en&ei=5QAKTI7fGoH_8Abu8rSKBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CEEQ6AEwCTge#v=onepage&q=led%20zeppelin%20&f=false On record: rock, pop, and the written world]. ''[[Routledge]]'' The role of Led Zeppelin is seen pivotal in fostering the transition of the late sixties rock movement from the central form of mass youth music to its macho, sexual 'cock rock' form, as a male form of expression. Rock critic and sociologist [[Simon Frith]] wrote:
    "The 'progressive' music of which everyone expected so much in 1967–68 became, in its popular form, the heavy metal macho style of Led Zeppelin, on one hand, and the technically facile hi-fi formula of [[Yes (band)|Yes]], on the other. If the commercialisation of [[Rock and roll|rock 'n' roll]] in the 1950s was a process of '[[Feminization (sociology)|feminisation]]', the [[commercialization|commercialisation]] of rock in the 1960s was a process of 'masculinisation'."
    Similarly, noted [[music journalist]] [[Robert Christgau]] argues:
    "[Hendrix and] Zeppelin are the great flowering of late [[psychedelic]] culture. Immersed in a grandiose mysticism that spurned the frontier folkieness, blues-boy grime, homespun doper wit, and Wild West local color of the original California strain, they bought the myth of the sixties as it is now misremembered, then sold it back with a coherence and vision that rolls right over such competing [[Art school|art-school]] wankers as [[Cream (band)|Cream]], [[King Crimson]], and [[Pink Floyd]].[[Robert Christgau]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=EdN8VLiEZtcC&pg=PA89 Grown up all wrong: 75 great rock and pop artists from vaudeville to techno]. ISBN 0-674-44318-7.
    The band also have had a notable influence on fashion, lifestyle, jewellery and apparel. Many famous celebrities such as [[Marisa Miller]],[http://www.theradreport.com/node/7664 Marissa Miller likes Led Zeppelin]. Retrieved 17 February 2010.[http://www.skinnyvscurvy.com/hot-models/makeup-less-marisa-miller-underware.html A Makeup-less Marisa Miller in Underwear]. Retrieved 17 February 2010. [[Britney Spears]],[http://www.cracked.com/funny-60-led-zeppelin/ Led Zeppelin Timeline]. ''[[Cracked]]'' [[Ashlee Simpson]],{{cite web|url=http://www.tshirtwatch.com/blog/2007/03/22/ashlee-simpon-wears-led-zeppelin/ |title=Ashlee Simpon Wears Led Zeppelin |publisher=Tshirtwatch.com |date=2007-03-22 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Jessica Simpson]],{{cite web|url=http://www.tshirtwatch.com/blog/2006/10/31/jessica-simpson-sports-a-led-zeppelin-shirt/ |title=Jessica Simpson Sports a Led Zeppelin Shirt |publisher=Tshirtwatch.com |date=2006-10-31 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} Shakira,{{cite web|url=http://www.celebrity-gossip.net/celebrities/hollywood/shakira-living-it-up-in-uruguay-213918/ |title=Shakira: Living it Up in Uruguay |publisher=Celebrity-gossip.net |date=2010-01-06 |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Josie Maran]],{{cite web|author=shiyan |url=http://josiemaran-world.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=114&pos=1 |title=Josie Maran: Glamour Nov 2003 – Italy – High Resolution Scans |publisher=Josiemaran-world.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}} [[Kate Moss]], [[Sienna Miller]] and [[Chloe Hayward]] have long been a fan of Led Zeppelin t-shirts, flared jeans and other apparel. Speaking to ''[[The Independent]]'', Simeon Lipman, head of pop culture at [[Christie's]], has commented "Led Zeppelin have had a big influence on fashion because the whole aura surrounding them is so cool, and people want a piece of that. There's no question that this T-shirt had been worn, but that's what makes them desirable. The blood, sweat and tears of the concert are embedded in the fabric." [[West Michigan Whitecaps|The West Michigan Whitecaps]], a Class A [[minor league baseball]] team, paid tribute to the band by wearing Led Zeppelin jerseys while celebrating a "Led Zeppelin Night" on 17 June 2010.[http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/tickets/page.jsp?ymd=20100603&content_id=10755282&vkey=tickets_t582&fext=.jsp&sid=t582 Led Zeppelin Night]. ''[[Minor league baseball|Minor League Baseball]]''[http://outofbounds.nbcsports.com/2010/06/post-599.html.php Whole Lotta Love: Minor League team to wear Led Zeppelin jerseys Thursday]. ''[[NBC Sports]]'' [[Florida Everblades]] [[Goaltender#Goaltender play in hockey|goaltender]] [[Rob Zepp]], a huge fan of Led Zeppelin, had painted his [[goalie mask]] with the [[Hermit]] in [[Led Zeppelin IV#Album cover and inside sleeve|''Led Zeppelin IV'' album cover]] and the band's signature lettering.[http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=29528 Hockey Player Honors LED ZEPPELIN With Mask]. ''[[Blabbermouth.net]]''. In January 2010, the [[Royal Mail]] issued a set of ten [[postage stamp]]s commemorating classic [[album cover]] art, including ''Led Zeppelin IV''.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8444156.stm Classic album covers issued as stamps]. [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 25 March 2010. Led Zeppelin laid the foundation for the big hair of [[Glam metal|80's bands]] such as Mötley Crüe and [[Skid Row (American band)|Skid Row]]. Other musicians have also adapted elements from Led Zeppelin's attitude to apparel, jewellery and hair, such as hipster flares and tight band t-shirts of [[Kings of Leon]], shaggy hair, clingy t-shirts and bluesman hair of [[Jack White (musician)|Jack White]] of The White Stripes, and [[Kasabian]] guitarist [[Sergio Pizzorno]]'s silk scarves, trilbies and side-laced tight jeans.Carola Long, "[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/led-zeppelin-the-enduring-influence-of-flares-and-flowing-locks-763442.html Led Zeppelin: The enduring influence of flares and flowing locks]", ''[[The Independent]]'' ==Songs in other media== While members of Led Zeppelin have seldom allowed their works to be licensed for films or commercials, in recent years, their position has softened. The songs of Led Zeppelin can now be heard in a number of movies, such as ''[[Shrek the Third]]'', ''[[One Day in September]]'', ''[[School of Rock]]'' ("[[Immigrant Song]]" in all three), ''[[Dogtown and Z-Boys]]'' ("[[Achilles Last Stand]]", "[[Nobody's Fault but Mine]]", and "[[Hots On for Nowhere]]"), ''[[Almost Famous]]'' ("[[That's the Way (Led Zeppelin song)|That's the Way]]", "[[The Rain Song]]", "[[Misty Mountain Hop]]", "[[Bron-Yr-Aur]]", and "[[Tangerine (Led Zeppelin song)|Tangerine]]"), "[[Stairway to Heaven]]" was in a part of the movie, but later on it was taken out, due to the length. ''[[It Might Get Loud]]'' ("[[The Rain Song]]", "[[Ramble On]]", "[[How Many More Times]]", "[[When the Levee Breaks]]", "[[The Battle of Evermore]]", "[[Over the Hills and Far Away (Led Zeppelin song)|Over the Hills and Far Away]]", "[[Whole Lotta Love]]", "[[White Summer]]", "[[Stairway to Heaven]]", "[[In My Time of Dying]]", and "[[Ten Years Gone]]".) ''[[Fast Times at Ridgemont High]]'' ("[[Kashmir (song)|Kashmir]]"), and ''[[Small Soldiers]]'' ("[[Communication Breakdown]]"). The television series'' [[One Tree Hill (TV series)|One Tree Hill]]'' featured the song "[[Babe I'm Gonna Leave You]]". The band have denied frequent requests by developers of popular [[music video game]]s to use their songs. As with other forms of media, the band seeks to protect the integrity of their work. Specifically, "the band isn't comfortable with the prospect of granting outsiders access to its master tapes, a necessary step in creating the [[video game|games]]."{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121487474239618065.html|title=Aerosmith Stars in Guitar Hero Videogame|author=Wingfield, Nick; Smith, Ethan|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date= 1 July 2008|accessdate = 10 July 2008}} Also noteworthy is [[Cadillac]]'s use of "Rock and Roll" in their US TV advertising campaign. In 2007, Led Zeppelin agreed to allow [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] to sell their music in Apple's [[iTunes Store]], with the greatest hits collection ''[[Mothership (album)|Mothership]]'' as the marquee offering.Vanessa Thorpe, "[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2137188,00.html Led Zeppelin join the net generation]", ''The Observer'', 29 July 2007. In April 2007, Hard Rock Park (now [[Freestyle Music Park]]) in [[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina]], announced it had secured an agreement with the band to create "[[Time Machine (roller coaster)|Led Zeppelin - The Ride]]", a roller coaster built by [[Bolliger & Mabillard]], synchronised to the music of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". The coaster stands {{convert|155|ft|m}} tall, features six inversions and spirals over a lagoon. The ride officially opened with the park on 9 May 2008.{{cite web|url=http://www.hardrockpark.com/index3.php |title=Hard Rock Park |publisher=Hard Rock Park |date= |accessdate=2010-09-05}}{{dead link|date=September 2010}} The ride is currently "Standing but not operating" (SBNO) due to Hard Rock Park filing [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|bankruptcy]]. In January 2009, the park filed for [[Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 7]]. In February 2009, the park was sold to new owners FPI MB Entertainment, who planned to reopen by Memorial Day 2009.{{cite web|url=http://www.thesunnews.com/679/story/787981.html|title=Judge clears sale of Hard Rock Park|author=Fleisher, Lisa|work=[[The Sun News]]|origdate= 18 February 2008|accessdate = 25 February 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2010}} On 4 May 2009, the ride was renamed "The Time Machine," with hit songs from five decades replacing Led Zeppelin.{{cite news|url=http://www.thesunnews.com/news/local/story/886676.html |title=Freestyle Music Park Reskins Rides, Picks Up Pace to Be Ready for Opening|last=Cherney|first=Mike |date=5 May 2009 |work=The Sun News |accessdate=5 May 2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2010}} ==Allegations of plagiarism== The credits for a number of Led Zeppelin's songs have been the subject of debate concerning their copyright. "[[Babe I'm Gonna Leave You]]" from ''Led Zeppelin'' was thought to be a traditional song and was credited as "Trad. arr. Page" but it was actually written by folk singer [[Anne Bredon]]. Since 1990, the Led Zeppelin version has been credited to Anne Bredon/Jimmy Page & Robert Plant, and Bredon received a substantial back-payment in royalties.Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9 "[[Dazed and Confused (song)|Dazed and Confused]]" was allegedly derived from a [[Jake Holmes]] song of the same name released in 1967 and had been performed by Page with [[the Yardbirds]].Headlam, Dave and Elizabeth West Marvin. "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin". ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=OhUVusniuzoC&pg=PA330&lpg=PA330&dq=anne+bredon+%22babe+i%27m+gonna+leave+you%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0&ie=ISO-8859-1&output=html Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies]'', p. 330. Boydell & Brewer, 1995. ISBN 1-58046-096-8Matt Resnicoff, Matt. "In Through the Out Door: Jimmy Page Goes Back to Led Zeppelin" ''Musician'' November 1990: 62 In June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit against Jimmy Page for [[copyright infringement]] in [[United States District Court]], claiming Page knowingly copied his work.[http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/led_zeppelin_sued_by_folk_singer_Onb6nSTXepES8W0KURCX0O Led Zeppelin sued by folk singer for alleged plagiarism]. ''[[New York Post]]''. Retrieved 6 July 2010. On ''Led Zeppelin II'' the prelude to "[[Bring It On Home (Sonny Boy Williamson II song)|Bring It On Home]]" was a cover of [[Sonny Boy Williamson II|Sonny Boy Williamson]]'s 1963 recording of "Bring It On Home", written by [[Willie Dixon]]. Similarly, "The Lemon Song" included an adaptation of [[Howlin' Wolf]]'s "[[Killing Floor (Howlin' Wolf song)|Killing Floor]]". In 1972, Arc Music, the publishing arm of [[Chess Records]], brought a lawsuit against Led Zeppelin for [[copyright infringement]] over "Bring It On Home" and "The Lemon Song"; the case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. Dixon himself did not benefit from the settlement until he sued Arc Music to recover his [[royalties]] and [[copyright]]s. In addition, "[[Whole Lotta Love]]" contained lyrics that were derivative of Dixon's 1962 song "You Need Love", though the riff from the song was an original Jimmy Page composition. In 1985, Dixon filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin over "Whole Lotta Love" and an out-of-court settlement was reached. Later pressings of ''Led Zeppelin II'' credit Dixon.Goldstein, Patrick. "Whole Lotta Litigation". ''Los Angeles Times'', 3 February 1985: N72 The band also paid a settlement to the publisher of [[Ritchie Valens]]' song "Ooh! My Head" over the song "[[Boogie with Stu]]" (from ''Physical Graffiti'') which borrowed heavily from Valens' song.Lehmer, Larry. ''The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens'' (2004): 166 Dave Headlam, in an article entitled "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin", suggests that "...in the course of studies on the music of Led Zeppelin, it has become apparent that many songs are compilations of pre-existent material from multiple sources, both acknowledged and unacknowledged." He contends that "...songs like 'Whole Lotta Love' and 'Dazed and Confused' are on the one hand not "authored" by Led Zeppelin, but on the other hand are virtual signatures identifying the band's musical essence." Headlam, Dave. "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin." In ''Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies''. By Elizabeth West Marvin and Richard Hermann. Published 1995. Boydell & Brewer. 449 pages ISBN 1-58046-096-8 http://books.google.ca/books?id=OhUVusniuzoC However, noted blues author and producer [[Robert Palmer (writer)|Robert Palmer]] states "It is the custom, in blues music, for a singer to borrow verses from contemporary sources, both oral and recorded, add his own tune and/or arrangement, and call the song his own".{{cite book| title=In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music| year=2001| author=Susan Fast| page=210 | isbn=0-19-511756-5}}{{cite book| title=Led Zeppelin: The Music (liner notes)| year=1991| author=Robert Palmer| unused_data=Atlantic 82144-2}} Folklorist Carl Lindahl, refers to these recycling of lyrics in songs as "floating lyrics". He defines it within the folk-music tradition as "lines that have circulated so long in folk communities that tradition-steeped singers call them instantly to mind and rearrange them constantly, and often unconsciously, to suit their personal and community aesthetics".Carl Lindahl, "Thrills and Miracles: Legends of Lloyd Chandler", ''[[Journal of Folklore Research]]'', Bloomington: May-December 2004, Vol. 41, Issue 2/3, pp. 133–72. In an interview he gave to ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine in 1993, Page commented on the band's use of classic blues songs:
    [A]s far as my end of it goes, I always tried to bring something fresh to anything that I used. I always made sure to come up with some variation. In fact, I think in most cases, you would never know what the original source could be. Maybe not in every case – but in most cases. So most of the comparisons rest on the lyrics. And Robert was supposed to change the lyrics, and he didn't always do that – which is what brought on most of the grief. They couldn't get us on the guitar parts of the music, but they nailed us on the lyrics. We did, however, take some liberties, I must say [laughs]. But never mind; we did try to do the right thing.[http://www.iem.ac.ru/zeppelin/docs/interviews/page_93.gw Interview with Jimmy Page], ''[[Guitar World]]'' magazine, 1993
    In another interview, Page responded to the suggestion that Led Zeppelin used a lot of traditional and blues lyrics and tunes and called them their own:
    The thing is they were traditional lyrics and they went back far before a lot of people that one related them to. The riffs we did were totally different, also, from the ones that had come before, apart from something like "You Shook Me" and "I Can't Quit You," which were attributed to Willie Dixon. The thing with "Bring It On Home," Christ, there's only a tiny bit taken from Sonny Boy Williamson's version and we threw that in as a tribute to him. People say, "Oh, 'Bring It On Home' is stolen." Well, there's only a little bit in the song that relates to anything that had gone before it, just the end.
    ==Discography== {{Main|Led Zeppelin discography}} *''[[Led Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'' (1969) *''[[Led Zeppelin II]]'' (1969) *''[[Led Zeppelin III]]'' (1970) *''[[Led Zeppelin IV]]'' (1971) *''[[Houses of the Holy]]'' (1973) *''[[Physical Graffiti]]'' (1975) *''[[Presence (album)|Presence]]'' (1976) *''[[In Through the Out Door]]'' (1979) *''[[Coda (album)|Coda]]'' (1982) ==Concert tours== {{Main|Led Zeppelin concerts}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Published sources== * Jon Bream (2008), ''Whole Lotta Led Zeppelin: The Illustrated History of the Heaviest Band of All Time'', Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-3507-9. * [[Richard Cole]] and Richard Trubo (1992), ''[[Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored]]'', New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018323-3. * [[Stephen Davis (music journalist)|Stephen Davis]] (1985), ''[[Hammer of the Gods (book)|Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga]]'', New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-04507-3. * Susan Fast (2001), ''In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music'', New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514723-5. * Dave Lewis (1991), ''Led Zeppelin: A Celebration'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-2416-3. * Dave Lewis (1994), ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3528-9. * Dave Lewis (2003), ''Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4. * Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997), ''Led Zeppelin: The Concert File'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4. * [[Luis Rey]] (1997), ''Led Zeppelin Live: An Illustrated Exploration of Underground Tapes'', Ontario: The Hot Wacks Press. ISBN 0-9698080-7-0. * Keith Shadwick (2005), ''Led Zeppelin: The Story of a Band and Their Music 1968–1980'', San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-871-0. * [[Mick Wall]] (2008), ''[[When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin]]'', London: Orion. ISBN 978-0-7528-8877-4. * [[Chris Welch]] (1994), ''Led Zeppelin'', London: Orion Books. ISBN 1-85797-930-3. * Chris Welch (2002), ''Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin'', London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9195-2. * Chris Welch (2006), ''Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song'', Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-818-7. * [[Ritchie Yorke]] (1993), ''Led Zeppelin: the Definitive Biography'', Novato, California: Underwood-Miller. ISBN 0-88733-177-7. ==External links== {{Wikipedia-Books|Led Zeppelin}} {{Commons category|Led Zeppelin}} {{Wikiquote}} * [http://www.ledzeppelin.com/ Official website] * [http://www.myspace.com/ledzeppelin Led Zeppelin] at [[MySpace]] * [http://www.atlanticrecords.com/ledzeppelin Led Zeppelin] at [[Atlantic Records]] {{Led Zeppelin}} {{Use British English|date=August 2010}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Led Zeppelin}} [[Category:Led Zeppelin]] [[Category:1960s music groups]] [[Category:1970s music groups]] [[Category:Atlantic Records artists]] [[Category:Blues-rock musicians]] [[Category:English heavy metal musical groups]] [[Category:English rock music groups]] [[Category:British folk rock groups]] [[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]] [[Category:English hard rock musical groups]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Award winners]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 1968]] [[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1980]] [[Category:Musical quartets]] [[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:Polar Music Prize laureates]] {{Link GA|de}} {{Link GA|ru}} {{Link FA|bar}} {{Link FA|bg}} {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|it}} {{Link FA|lv}} {{Link FA|uk}} [[af:Led Zeppelin]] [[ar:لد زبلين]] [[be:Led Zeppelin]] [[be-x-old:Led Zeppelin]] [[bar:Led Zeppelin]] [[bs:Led Zeppelin]] [[br:Led Zeppelin]] [[bg:Лед Цепелин]] [[ca:Led Zeppelin]] [[cs:Led Zeppelin]] [[cy:Led Zeppelin]] [[da:Led Zeppelin]] [[de:Led Zeppelin]] [[et:Led Zeppelin]] [[el:Led Zeppelin]] [[es:Led Zeppelin]] [[eo:Led Zeppelin]] [[ext:Led Zeppelin]] [[eu:Led Zeppelin]] [[fa:لد زپلین]] [[fr:Led Zeppelin]] [[ga:Led Zeppelin]] [[gd:Led Zeppelin]] [[gl:Led Zeppelin]] [[ko:레드 제플린]] [[hr:Led Zeppelin]] [[id:Led Zeppelin]] [[is:Led Zeppelin]] [[it:Led Zeppelin]] [[he:לד זפלין]] [[ka:ლედ ზეპელინი]] [[sw:Led Zeppelin]] [[ku:Led Zeppelin]] [[la:Led Zeppelin]] [[lv:Led Zeppelin]] [[lt:Led Zeppelin]] [[hu:Led Zeppelin]] [[mk:Led Zeppelin]] [[nl:Led Zeppelin]] [[new:लेड जेपà¥à¤²à¤¿à¤¨]] [[ja:レッド・ツェッペリン]] [[no:Led Zeppelin]] [[nn:Led Zeppelin]] [[oc:Led Zeppelin]] [[uz:Led Zeppelin]] [[pl:Led Zeppelin]] [[pt:Led Zeppelin]] [[ro:Led Zeppelin]] [[ru:Led Zeppelin]] [[sco:Led Zeppelin]] [[sq:Led Zeppelin]] [[scn:Led Zeppelin (gruppu)]] [[simple:Led Zeppelin]] [[sk:Led Zeppelin]] [[sl:Led Zeppelin]] [[sr:Лед зепелин]] [[sh:Led Zeppelin]] [[fi:Led Zeppelin]] [[sv:Led Zeppelin]] [[ta:லெட௠செபà¯à®ªà¯†à®²à®¿à®©à¯]] [[th:เลด เซพเพลิน]] [[tr:Led Zeppelin]] [[uk:Led Zeppelin]] [[vi:Led Zeppelin]] [[wa:Led Zeppelin]] [[zh-yue:齊æŸæž—飛船]] [[zh:é½æŸæž—飞船 (ä¹å›¢)]]" ["html"]=> string(97741) "{{Infobox musical artist| Name = Led Zeppelin| Img = Led_Zeppelin_2007.jpg| Img_capt = The surviving members of Led Zeppelin at The O2 in London in 2007| Img_size = 250| Landscape = Yes| Background = group_or_band| Origin = London, England| Genre = Hard rock, heavy metal, blues-rock, folk rock | Years_active = 1968–1980
    (Reunions: 1985, 1988, 1995, 2007)| Label = Atlantic, Swan Song| Associated_acts = Page and Plant, The Honeydrippers, The Yardbirds| URL = www.ledzeppelin.com| Past_members = Jimmy Page
    John Paul Jones
    Robert Plant
    John Bonham}}

    Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in 1968, consisting of Jimmy Page (guitar), Robert Plant (vocals, harmonica), John Paul Jones (bass guitar, keyboards, mandolin), and John Bonham (drums). With their heavy, guitar-driven blues-rock sound, Led Zeppelin are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal and hard rock.Susan Fast, " Led Zeppelin (British Rock Group)", Encyclopædia BritannicaTim Grierson, " What Is Rock Music? A Brief History of Rock Music", About.com However, the band's individualistic style drew from many sources and transcends any one music genre.Brackett, John (2008). "Examining rhythmic and metric practices in Led Zeppelin’s musical style." Popular Music, Volume 27/1, pp. 53–76. Cambridge University Press.Peter Buckley, " The rough guide to rock", Penguin Books, Third Edition, ISBN 1-85828-457-0, pp. 585. "Led Zeppelin transcended the hard rock/heavy metal label slapped on them by some. Indeed, they epitomized the synthesis of multiple influences that characterized the best of 70s rock, while producing music that was stamped with their own dynamic identity." Led Zeppelin did not release songs from their albums as singles in the UK, as they preferred to develop the concept of "album-oriented rock".

    Thirty years after disbanding following Bonham's death in 1980, the band continues to be held in high regard for their artistic achievements, commercial success, and broad influence. The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 111.5 million certified units in the United States, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. They have had all of their original studio albums reach the top 10 of the Billboard album chart in the US, with six reaching the number one spot. Led Zeppelin are ranked number one on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock" 100 greatest artists of hard rock at vh1.com. VH1. Retrieved 17 February 2010. and Classic Rock's "50 Best Live Acts of All Time". Rolling Stone magazine has described Led Zeppelin as "the heaviest band of all time", "the biggest band of the '70s" and "unquestionably one of the most enduring bands in rock history."" Led Zeppelin: The Legend, the Classic Reviews, a Selection of Hot Photos and More", Rolling Stone 28 July 2006. Similarly, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes the band as being "as influential in that decade [1] as The Beatles were in the prior one."

    In 2007, the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited (along with John Bonham's son, Jason) for the Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. The band was honoured with the "Best Live Act" prize for their one-off reunion at MOJO Awards 2008, where they were declared the "greatest rock and roll band of all time." Led Zeppelin Acceptance Speech – MOJO Honours List 2008. MOJO Magazine's Official YouTube Channel.

    History

    Formation

    The beginning of Led Zeppelin can be traced back to the English blues-influenced rock band The Yardbirds. Jimmy Page joined The Yardbirds in 1966 to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith, who had decided to leave the group. Shortly after, Page switched from bass to lead guitar, creating a dual-lead guitar line up with Jeff Beck. Following the departure of Beck from the group in October 1966, The Yardbirds were tired from constant touring and recording and had begun to wind down. Page wanted to form a supergroup with himself and Beck on guitars, and The Who's rhythm section—drummer Keith Moon and bassist John Entwistle. Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project.Mick Wall (2008), A Biography of Led Zeppelin, London: Orion, pp. 13–15, 52.Mat Snow, “Apocalypse Thenâ€, Q magazine, December 1990, pp. 74–82. The group never formed, although Page, Beck and Moon did record a song together in 1966, "Beck's Bolero", which is featured on Beck's 1968 album, Truth. The recording session also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones, who told Page that he would be interested in collaborating with him on future projects.

    The Yardbirds played their final gig in July 1968. However, they were still committed to performing several concerts in Scandinavia, so drummer Jim McCarty and vocalist Keith Relf authorised Page and bassist Chris Dreja to use the Yardbirds name to fulfill the band's obligations. Page and Dreja began putting a new line-up together. Page's first choice for lead singer, Terry Reid, declined the offer, but suggested Robert Plant, a West Bromwich singer of The Band of Joy.Dave Schulps, Interview with Jimmy Page, Trouser Press, October 1977. Plant eventually accepted the position, recommending a drummer, John Bonham from nearby Redditch. When Dreja dropped out of the project to become a photographer (he would later take the photograph that appeared on the back of Led Zeppelin's debut album), John Paul Jones, at the suggestion of his wife, contacted Page about the vacant position.Dominick A. Miserandino, Led Zeppelin – John Paul Jones, TheCelebrityCafe.com. Being familiar with Jones' credentials, Page agreed to bring in Jones as the final piece.

    The group came together for the first time in a room below a record store on Gerrard Street in London.Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Complete Studio Recordings. The building has since been torn down, and the area has been converted into London's Chinatown.Chris Welch (1994) Led Zeppelin, London: Orion Books. ISBN 1857979303, pp. 21, 28, 31, 37, 47, 49, 63, 68, 85, 92, 94–95. Page suggested that they try playing "Train Kept A-Rollin'", a rockabilly song popularised by Johnny Burnette that had been given new life by the Yardbirds. "As soon as I heard John Bonham play," recalled Jones, "I knew this was going to be great... We locked together as a team immediately." Shortly afterwards, the group played together on the final day of sessions for the P.J. Proby album, Three Week Hero. The album's song "Jim's Blues" was the first studio track to feature all four members of the future Led Zeppelin. Proby recalled, "Come the last day we found we had some studio time, so I just asked the band to play while I just came up with the words. ... They weren't Led Zeppelin at the time, they were the New Yardbirds and they were going to be my band."

    The band completed the Scandinavian tour as The New Yardbirds, playing together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in Gladsaxe, on 7 September 1968. However, it was clear to the band that performing under the old Yardbirds tag was akin to working under false pretenses, and upon returning from Scandinavia they decided to change their name.Lewis, Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 12. One account of the band's naming, which has become almost legendary, has it that Keith Moon and John Entwistle, drummer and bassist for The Who, respectively, suggested that a possible supergroup containing themselves, Jimmy Page, and Jeff Beck would go down like a lead zeppelin, a term Entwistle used to describe a bad gig. The group deliberately dropped the 'a' in Lead at the suggestion of their manager, Peter Grant, to prevent "thick Americans" from pronouncing it "leed".

    Grant also secured for the new band an advance deal of $200,000 from Atlantic Records in November 1968, then the biggest deal of its kind for a new band. Atlantic was a label known for a catalogue of blues, soul and jazz artists, but in the late 1960s it began to take an interest in progressive British rock acts, and signed Led Zeppelin without having ever seen them, largely on the recommendation of singer Dusty Springfield.Ian Fortnam, "Dazed & confused", Classic Rock : Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin, 2008, p. 43. Under the terms of the contract secured by Grant, the band alone would decide when they would release albums and tour, and had final say over the contents and design of each album. They also would decide how to promote each release and which (if any) tracks to release as singles, and formed their own company, Superhype, to handle all publishing rights.Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, p. 3

    Early days (1968–1970)

    With their first album not yet released, the band made their live debut under the name "Led Zeppelin" at the Mayfair Ballroom, Newcastle upon Tyne on 4 October 1968. This was followed by a US concert debut on 26 December 1968 (when promoter Barry Fey added them to a bill in Denver, Colorado) before moving on to the west coast for dates in Los Angeles, San Francisco and other cities.Thomas MacCluskey, " Rock Concert Is Real Groovy". Reproduced at www.led-zeppelin.org Led Zeppelin's eponymous debut album was released on 12 January 1969, during their first North American tour. The album's blend of blues, folk and eastern influences with distorted amplification made it one of the pivotal records in the creation of heavy metal music. However, Plant has commented that it is unfair for people to typecast the band as heavy metal, since about a third of their music was acoustic.The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The 70s: Have a Nice Decade (1995), film directed by Bill Richmond. On their first album Plant receives no credit for his contributions to the songwriting, a result of his previous association with CBS Records.Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9, p. 14.

    thumb|left|Led Zeppelin members Plant (left) and Jimmy Page performing live in Montreux, 1970]In an interview for the Led Zeppelin Profiled radio promo CD (1990) Page said that the album took about 36 hours of studio time to create (including mixing), and stated that he knows this because of the amount charged on the studio bill.Profiled radio promo CD, 1990 Peter Grant claimed the album cost £1,750 to produce (including artwork). By 1975, the album had grossed $7,000,000. Billboard discography Led Zeppelin met an interesting protest when Countess Eva von Zeppelin (granddaughter of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the creator of the Zeppelin airships) objected to the band's use of her family name and attempted to stop a March 1969 television appearance in Copenhagen. When the band returned to Copenhagen for a concert in February 1970, they were billed as "The Nobs" as the result of a threat of legal action from von Zeppelin.Keith Shadwick Led Zeppelin 1968–1980: The Story Of A Band And Their Music ( excerpt posted on Billboard.com) She is reported to have said: "They may be world famous, but a couple of shrieking monkeys are not going to use a privileged family name without permission."

    In their first year, Led Zeppelin managed to complete four US and four UK concert tour, and also released their second album, entitled Led Zeppelin II. Recorded almost entirely on the road at various North American recording studios, the second album was an even greater success than the first and reached the number one chart position in the US and the UK. Here the band further developed ideas established on their debut album, creating a work which became even more widely acclaimed and arguably more influential. It has been suggested that Led Zeppelin II largely wrote the blueprint for heavy metal bands that followed it.

    Following the album's release, Led Zeppelin completed several more tours of the United States. They played often, initially in clubs and ballrooms, then in larger auditoriums and eventually stadiums as their popularity grew. Led Zeppelin concerts could last more than four hours, with expanded, improvised live versions of their song repertoire. Many of these shows have been preserved as Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings. It was also during this period of intensive concert touring that the band developed a reputation for off-stage excess. One alleged example of such extravagance was the shark episode, or red snapper incident, which is said to have taken place at the Edgewater Inn in Seattle, Washington, on 28 July 1969.Mick Wall. " The truth behind the Led Zeppelin legend", Times Online, 1 November 2008

    For the composition of their third album, Led Zeppelin III, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant retired to Bron-Yr-Aur, a remote cottage in Wales, in 1970. The result was a more acoustic sound (including one entirely acoustic song, "Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp", misspelt as "Bron-Y-Aur Stomp" on the album cover), which was strongly influenced by folk and Celtic music, and revealed the band's versatility.Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press.

    The album's rich acoustic sound initially received mixed reactions, with many critics and fans surprised at the turn taken away from the primarily electric compositions of the first two albums. Over time, however, its reputation has improved and Led Zeppelin III is now generally praised. It has a unique album cover featuring a wheel which, when rotated, displays various images through cut outs in the main jacket sleeve. The album's opening track, "Immigrant Song", was released in November 1970 by Atlantic Records as a single against the band's wishes.Atlantic Records had earlier released an edited version of "Whole Lotta Love", which cut the 5:34 song to 3:10, removing the abstract middle section. It included their only non-album b-side, "Hey Hey What Can I Do". Even though the band saw their albums as indivisible, whole listening experiences—and their manager, Peter Grant, maintained an aggressive pro-album stance—some singles were released without their consent. The group also increasingly resisted television appearances, enforcing their preference that their fans hear and see them in live concerts.Dave Lewis (2003), Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, pp. 30, 35, 45, 49, 80.Michael Wale, " Led Zeppelin", The Times, 11 July 1973.

    "The biggest band in the world" (1971–1977)

    thumb|right|The four symbols on the label and inside sleeve of Led Zeppelin IV, representing Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, John Bonham, and Robert Plant.Led Zeppelin were one of the most commercially successful and influential bands of the 1970s.Steve Waksman. Instruments of desire: the electric guitar and the shaping of musical experience. Harvard University Press. The band's popularity in the early years was dwarfed by their mid-seventies successes and it is this period that continues to define them. The band's image also changed as members began to wear elaborate, flamboyant clothing. Led Zeppelin began traveling in a private jet airliner (nicknamed The Starship), rented out entire sections of hotels (most notably the Continental Hyatt House in Los Angeles, known colloquially as the "Riot House"), and became the subject of many of rock's most famous stories of debauchery. One escapade involved John Bonham riding a motorcycle through a rented floor of the Riot House, while another involved the destruction of a room in the Tokyo Hilton, leading to the band being banned from that establishment for life.Nigel Williamson, "Forget the Myths", Uncut, May 2005, p. 68. However, although Led Zeppelin developed a reputation for trashing their hotel suites and throwing television sets out of the windows, some suggest that these tales have been somewhat exaggerated. Music journalist Chris Welch argues that " Zeppelin's travels spawned many stories, but it was a myth that [2] were constantly engaged in acts of wanton destruction and lewd behavior."

    Led Zeppelin's fourth album was released on 8 November 1971. There was no indication of a title or a band name on the original cover, as the band disdained being labelled as "hyped" and "overrated" by the music press, and in response wanted to prove that the music could sell itself by giving no indication of who they were. The album remained officially untitled and is most commonly referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, though it is variously referred to by the four symbols appearing on the record label, as Four Symbols and The Fourth Album (both titles were used in the Atlantic Records catalogue), Untitled, Zoso, Runes, or IV.Austin Scaggs, " Q&A: Robert Plant", Rolling Stone, 5 May 2005.

    Led Zeppelin IV further refined the band's unique formula of combining earthy, acoustic elements with heavy metal and blues emphases. The album included examples of hard rock, such as "Black Dog" and an acoustic track, "Going to California" (a tribute to Joni Mitchell). "Rock and Roll" is a tribute to the early rock music of the 1950s. In 2007, the song was used prominently in Cadillac automobile commercials—one of the few instances of Led Zeppelin's surviving members licensing songs.

    {{Listen| filename = Led Zeppelin Stairway to Heaven.ogg| title = "Stairway to Heaven"| description = The song became one of the most-requested recordings in rock history.}}The album is one of the best-selling albums in history and its massive popularity cemented Led Zeppelin's superstardom in the 1970s. To date it has sold 23 million copies in the United States. The track "Stairway to Heaven", although never released as a single, is sometimes quoted as being the most requested," Sold on Song: Stairway To Heaven", BBC.com. and most playedKaren Karbo, To Heaven: Is This the Greatest Song of All Time?", Esquire, November 1991. album-oriented rock FM radio song. In 2005, the magazine Guitar World held a poll of readers in which "Stairway to Heaven" was voted as having the greatest guitar solo of all time. About Guitar, 100 Greatest Guitar Solos, accessed 10 September 2006. This song, although widely played amongst the radio stations, is also considered the "Greatest Rock Song". Many claim that this song was the definition of Led Zeppelin.

    Led Zeppelin's next album, Houses of the Holy, was released in 1973. It featured further experimentation, with longer tracks and expanded use of synthesisers and mellotron orchestration. The song "Houses of the Holy" does not appear on its namesake album, even though it was recorded at the same time as other songs on the album; it eventually made its way onto the 1975 album Physical Graffiti. The orange album cover of Houses of the Holy depicts images of nude childrenToby Manning, "Broad Church", Q Led Zeppelin Special Edition, 2003. climbing up the Giant's Causeway (in County Antrim, Northern Ireland). Although the children are not depicted from the front, this was controversial at the time of the album's release, and in some areas, such as the "Bible Belt" and Spain, the record was banned. Classic Rock Covers: Led Zeppelin; Houses of the Holy. Atlantic, 1973. Designer: Hipgnosis (Storm Thorgneson, Aubrey Powell)Koldo Barroso, " Best albums with nude covers and the stories behind", intuitivemusic.com, 9 November 2006.

    The album topped the charts, and Led Zeppelin's subsequent concert tour of North America in 1973 broke records for attendance, as they consistently filled large auditoriums and stadiums. At Tampa Stadium, Florida, they played to 56,800 fans (breaking the record set by The Beatles at Shea Stadium in 1965), and grossed $309,000. Three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York were filmed for a motion picture, but the theatrical release of this project (The Song Remains the Same) would be delayed until 1976. Before the final night's performance, $180,000 of the band's money from gate receipts was stolen from a safe deposit box at the Drake Hotel.Blumenthal, Ralph. "Police Check Led Zeppelin Party for Clue in Theft" The New York Times 31 July 1973: 18 It was never recovered.Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The The Song Remains the Same, reissued version, 2007.

    thumb|left|Led Zeppelin live at Stadium, January 1975]

    In 1974, Led Zeppelin took a break from touring and launched their own record label, Swan Song, named after one of only five Led Zeppelin songs which the band never released commercially (Page later re-worked the song with his band, The Firm, and it appears as "Midnight Moonlight" on their first album). The record label's logo, based on a drawing called Evening: Fall of Day (1869) by William Rimmer, features a picture of Icarus. The logo can be found on much Led Zeppelin memorabilia, especially t-shirts. In addition to using Swan Song as a vehicle to promote their own albums, the band expanded the label's roster, signing artists such as Bad Company, The Pretty Things, Maggie Bell, Detective, Dave Edmunds, Midnight Flyer, Sad Café and Wildlife. The label was successful while Led Zeppelin existed, but folded less than three years after they disbanded.

    24 February 1975 saw the release of Led Zeppelin's first double album, Physical Graffiti, which was their first release on the Swan Song Records label. It consisted of fifteen songs, eight of which were recorded at Headley Grange in 1974, and the remainder being tracks previously recorded but not released on earlier albums. A review in Rolling Stone magazine referred to Physical Graffiti as Led Zeppelin's "bid for artistic respectability," adding that the only competition the band had for the title of 'World's Best Rock Band' were The Rolling Stones and The Who.Jim Miller, " Album Review: Physical Graffiti", Rolling Stone, 27 March 1975. The album was a massive fiscal and critical success. Shortly after the release of Physical Graffiti, all previous Led Zeppelin albums simultaneously re-entered the top-200 album chart, and the band embarked on another North American tour, again playing to record-breaking crowds. In May 1975, Led Zeppelin played five highly successful, sold-out nights at the Earls Court Arena in London, footage of which was released in 2003, on the Led Zeppelin DVD.

    Following these triumphant Earls Court appearances Led Zeppelin took a holiday and planned a series of outdoor summer concerts in America, scheduled to open with two dates in San Francisco. These plans were thwarted in August 1975 when Robert Plant and his wife Maureen were involved in a serious car crash while on holiday in Rhodes, Greece. Robert suffered a broken ankle and Maureen was badly injured; a blood transfusion saved her life. Unable to tour, Plant headed to the channel island of Jersey to spend August and September recuperating, with Bonham and Page in tow. The band then reconvened in Malibu, California. It was during this forced hiatus that much of the material for their next album, Presence, was written.

    {{Listen| filename = Led Zeppelin Achilles Last Stand.ogg| title = "Achilles Last Stand"| description = Jimmy Page calls the guitar solo his favorite.}}By this time, Led Zeppelin were the world's number one rock attraction, having outsold most bands of the time, including the Rolling Stones. Presence, released in March 1976, marked a change in the Led Zeppelin sound towards more straightforward, guitar-based jams, departing from the acoustic ballads and intricate arrangements featured on their previous albums. Though it was a platinum seller, Presence received mixed responses from critics and fans and some speculated the band's legendary excesses may have caught up with them.Stephen Davis, "Album Review: Presence", Rolling Stone, 20 May 1976. The recording of Presence coincided with the beginning of Page's heroin use, which may have interfered with Led Zeppelin's later live shows and studio recordings, although Page has denied this.Jonh Ingham, " Led Zeppelin: Presence (Swan Song)", Sounds, 10 April 1976. Reproduced in Rock's Backpages.com Despite the original criticisms, Jimmy Page has called Presence his favourite album, and its opening track "Achilles Last Stand" his favourite Led Zeppelin song. In an interview with a Swedish TV programme, Plant stated that Presence is the album that sounds the most "Led Zeppelin" of all their LPs.From interview in Swedish TV programme "Musikbyrån" around the time of Led Zeppelin receiving the Polar Music Prize.

    Plant's injuries prevented Led Zeppelin from touring in 1976. Instead, the band finally completed the concert film The Song Remains The Same, and the soundtrack album of the film. The recording had taken place during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden in July 1973, during the band's concert tour of North America. The film premiered in New York on 20 October 1976, but was given a lukewarm reception by critics and fans. The film was particularly unsuccessful in the UK, where, after being unwilling to tour since 1975 due to a taxation exile, Led Zeppelin were facing an uphill battle to recapture the public spotlight at home.

    thumb|Plant and Page on stage during the 1977 North American tour

    In 1977, Led Zeppelin embarked on another major concert tour of North America. Here the band set another attendance record, with 76,229 people attending their Pontiac Silverdome concert on 30 April. It was, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the largest attendance to date for a single act show. However, though the tour was financially profitable it was beset with off-stage problems. On 19 April over 70 persons were arrested as about 1,000 ticketless fans tried to gatecrash Cincinnati Riverfront Coliseum for two sold out festival seating concerts while some tried to gain entry by throwing rocks and bottles through glass entrance doors. On 3 June a concert at Tampa Stadium was cut short because of a severe thunderstorm, despite tickets printed with "Rain or Shine". A riot broke out amongst the audience, resulting in several arrests and injuries.

    After a 23 July show at the "Days on the Green" festival at the Oakland Coliseum in Oakland, California, John Bonham and members of the band's support staff (including manager Peter Grant and security coordinator John Bindon) were arrested after a member of promoter Bill Graham's staff was badly beaten during the band's performance. A member of the staff had allegedly slapped Grant's son when he was taking down a dressing room sign. This was seen by John Bonham, who came over and kicked the man. Then, when Grant heard about this, he went into the trailer, along with Bindon and assaulted the man while tour manager Richard Cole stood outside and guarded the trailer. The following day's second Oakland concert would prove to be the band's final live appearance in the United States. Two days later, as the band checked in at a French Quarter hotel for their 30 July performance at the Louisiana Superdome, news came that Plant's five year old son, Karac, had died from a stomach virus. The rest of the tour was immediately cancelled, prompting widespread speculation about the band's future.

    Bonham's death and break-up (1978–1980)

    November 1978 saw the group recording again, this time at Polar Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. The resultant album was In Through the Out Door, which exhibited a degree of sonic experimentation that again drew mixed reactions from critics. Nevertheless, the band still commanded legions of loyal fans, and the album easily reached #1 in the UK and the US in just its second week on the Billboard album chart. As a result of this album's release, Led Zeppelin's entire catalogue made the Billboard Top 200 between the weeks of 27 October and 3 November 1979.

    In August 1979, after two warm-up shows in Copenhagen, Led Zeppelin headlined two concerts at the Knebworth Music Festival, where crowds of close to 120,000 witnessed the return of the band. However, Plant was not eager to tour full-time again, and even considered leaving Led Zeppelin. He was persuaded to stay by Peter Grant. A brief, low-key European tour was undertaken in June and July 1980, featuring a stripped-down set without the usual lengthy jams and solos. At one show on 27 June, in Nuremberg, Germany, the concert came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the third song when John Bonham collapsed on stage and was rushed to a hospital. Press speculation arose that Bonham's problem was caused by an excess of alcohol and drugs, but the band claimed that he had simply overeaten, and they completed the show.

    On 24 September 1980, Bonham was picked up by Led Zeppelin assistant Rex King to attend rehearsals at Bray Studios for the upcoming North American tour, the band's first since 1977, scheduled to commence on 17 October. During the journey Bonham had asked to stop for breakfast, where he downed four quadruple vodkas (450 ml), with a ham roll. After taking a bite of the ham roll he said to his assistant, "Breakfast". He continued to drink heavily when he arrived at the studio. A halt was called to the rehearsals late in the evening and the band retired to Page's house—The Old Mill House in Clewer, Windsor. After midnight, Bonham had fallen asleep and was taken to bed and placed on his side. At 1:45 pm the next day Benji LeFevre (who had replaced Richard Cole as Led Zeppelin's tour manager) and John Paul Jones found him dead. The cause of death was asphyxiation from vomit, and a verdict of accidental death was returned at an inquest held on 27 October. An autopsy found no other drugs in Bonham's body. Bonham was cremated on 10 October 1980, and his ashes buried at Rushock parish church in Droitwich, Worcestershire, England.

    Despite rumours that Cozy Powell, Carmine Appice, Barriemore Barlow, Simon Kirke or Bev Bevan would join the group as his replacement, the remaining members decided to disband after Bonham's death. They issued a press statement on 4 December 1980 confirming that the band would not continue without Bonham. The statement said, "We wish it to be known that the loss of our dear friend, and the deep sense of undivided harmony felt by ourselves and our manager, have led us to decide that we could not continue as we were," and was simply signed "Led Zeppelin".

    Post-Led Zeppelin (1981–2007)

    In 1982, the surviving members of the group released a collection of out-takes from various sessions during Led Zeppelin's career, entitled Coda. It included two tracks taken from the band's performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970, one each from the Led Zeppelin III and Houses of the Holy sessions, and three from the In Through the Out Door sessions. It also featured a 1976 John Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Jimmy Page, called "Bonzo's Montreux".

    On 13 July 1985, Page, Plant and Jones reunited for the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing a short set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins and bassist Paul Martinez. Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's current solo band. However, the performance was marred by the lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune Les Paul and poorly functioning monitors, and by Plant's hoarse voice.Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press, p. 139. Page himself has described the performance as "pretty shambolic"" Jimmy Page says last Led Zeppelin reunion was a disaster", List.co.uk, 20 November 2007. and "clearly wasn't good enough,"James Jackson, " Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV, the band's peak and their reunion, The Times, 8 January 2010. while Plant was even harsher, characterising it as an "atrocity". When Live Aid footage was released on a four-DVD set in late 2004 to raise money for Sudan, the group unanimously agreed not to allow footage from their performance to be used, asserting that it was not up to their standard." Zeppelin defend Live Aid opt out", BBC News, 4 August 2004 However, to demonstrate their ongoing support for the campaign Page and Plant pledged proceeds from their forthcoming Page and Plant DVD release and John Paul Jones pledged the proceeds of his then-current North American tour with Mutual Admiration Society to the project.

    The three members reunited again on 14 May 1988, for the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert, with Bonham's son, Jason Bonham, on drums. However, the reunion was again compromised by a disjointed performance, particularly by Plant and Page (the two having argued immediately prior to coming on stage about whether to play "Stairway to Heaven"), and by the complete loss of Jones' keyboards on the live television feed.Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press, p. 140. Page later described the performance as "one big disappointment", and Plant said unambiguously that "the gig was foul".

    The first Led Zeppelin box set, featuring tracks remastered under the supervision of Jimmy Page, introduced the band's music to many new fans, stimulating a renaissance for Led Zeppelin. This set included four previously unreleased tracks, including the Robert Johnson tribute "Travelling Riverside Blues". The song peaked at number seven on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart, with the video in heavy rotation on MTV.1992 saw the release of the "Immigrant Song"/"Hey Hey What Can I Do" (the original b-side) as a CD single in the US. Led Zeppelin Boxed Set 2 was released in 1993; the two box sets together containing all known studio recordings, as well as some rare live tracks.

    In 1994, Page and Plant reunited in the form of a 90 minute "UnLedded" MTV project. They later released an album called Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded, which featured some reworked Led Zeppelin songs, and embarked on a world tour the following year. This is said to be the beginning of the inner rift between the band members, as Jones was not even told of the reunion.Charles Shaar Murray, "The Guv’nors'", Mojo, August 2004, p. 75. Page stated: "In the 14 years from the disbanding of [3] Zeppelin and Robert [4] going solo, there was a lot of water under the bridge. It was just the two of us getting our thing together and the chemistry of us, and it wasn't part of the equation, or a decision to purposely leave Paul Jones out." When asked where Jones was, Plant had replied that he was out "parking the car".Adam Howorth, " A life beyond Led", 9 July 2002. Reproduced at www.led-zeppelin.org.

    On 12 January 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the United States Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - their first year of eligibility - by Aerosmith's vocalist, Steven Tyler and guitarist Joe Perry. Jason and Zoe Bonham also attended, representing their late father. At the induction ceremony, the band's inner rift became apparent when Jones joked upon accepting his award, "Thank you, my friends, for finally remembering my phone number", causing consternation and awkward looks from Page and Plant.Lewis, Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 144. Afterwards, they played a brief set with Tyler and Perry (featuring Jason Bonham on drums), and with Neil Young and Michael Lee replacing Bonham.

    On 29 August 1997, Atlantic released a single edit of "Whole Lotta Love" in the US and the UK, making it the only Led Zeppelin UK CD single. Additional tracks on this CD-single are "Baby Come On Home" and "Travelling Riverside Blues". It is the only single the band ever released in the UK. It peaked at #21. 11 November 1997 saw the release of Led Zeppelin BBC Sessions, the first Led Zeppelin album in fifteen years. The two-disc set included almost all of the band's recordings for the BBC. Page and Plant released another album called Walking into Clarksdale in 1998, featuring all new material. However, the album wasn't as successful as No Quarter, and the band slowly dissolved.

    On 29 November 1999 the Recording Industry Association of America announced that the band were only the third act in music history to achieve four or more Diamond albums.RIAA, " Recording Industry Announces November Awards". In 2002, Robert Plant and John Paul Jones reconciled after years of strife that kept the band apart. This was followed by rumours of reunion, quickly quashed by individual members' representatives. 2003 saw the release of a triple live album, How the West Was Won, and a video collection, Led Zeppelin DVD, both featuring material from the band's heyday. By the end of the year, the DVD had sold more than 520,000 copies.

    Led Zeppelin were ranked #14 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", and the following year the band received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In November 2005, it was announced that Led Zeppelin and Russian conductor Valery Gergiev were the winners of the 2006 Polar Music Prize. The King of Sweden presented the prize to Plant, Page, and Jones, along with John Bonham's daughter, in Stockholm in May 2006." Award for 'pioneers' Led Zeppelin", BBC News, 23 May 2006. In November 2006, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame. The television broadcasting of the event consisted of an introduction to the band by various famous admirers, a presentation of an award to Jimmy Page and then a short speech by the guitarist. After this, rock group Wolfmother played a tribute to Led Zeppelin, performing the song "Communication Breakdown"." Wolfmother Led Zep tribute, and rocking Brixton", Wolfomother.net, 16 November 2006," Led Zeppelin make UK Hall of Fame", BBC News, 23 May 2006. Despite having gained a reputation with the band for "raising hell" in the 1970s, Robert Plant was awarded a CBE by Prince Charles for "Services to Music" in July 2009, which followed Jimmy Page's OBE four years previously.

    On 27 July 2007, Atlantic/Rhino, & Warner Home Video announced three new Led Zeppelin titles to be released in November 2007. Released first was Mothership on 13 November, a 24-track best-of spanning the band's career, followed by a reissue of the soundtrack to The Song Remains the Same on 20 November which includes previously unreleased material, and a new DVD.Jonathan Cohen, " Led Zeppelin Readies Fall Reissue Bonanza", billboard.com, 27 July 2007. On 15 October 2007, it was reported that Led Zeppelin were expected to announce a new series of agreements that make the band's songs available as legal digital downloads, first as ringtones through Verizon Wireless then as digital downloads of the band's eight studio albums and other recordings on 13 November.Leeds, Jeff. " Led Zeppelin Agrees to Make Its Songs Available Digitally". New York Times, 15 October 2007 The offerings will be available through both Verizon Wireless and iTunes. On 3 November 2007, a UK newspaper the Daily Mirror announced that it had world exclusive rights to stream six previously unreleased tracks via its website. On 8 November 2007, XM Satellite Radio launched XM LED, the network's first artist-exclusive channel dedicated to Led Zeppelin. On 13 November 2007, Led Zeppelin's complete works were published on iTunes.

    2007 reunion

    On 10 December 2007, the surviving members of Led Zeppelin reunited for a one-off benefit concert held in memory of music executive Ahmet Ertegün, with Jason Bonham taking up his late father's place on drums. It was announced on 12 September 2007 by promoter Harvey Goldsmith in a press conference. The concert was to help raise money for the Ahmet Ertegün Education Fund, which pays for university scholarships in the UK, US and Turkey. Music critics praised the band's performance. Hamish MacBain of NME proclaimed, "What they have done here tonight is proof they can still perform to the level that originally earned them their legendary reputation...We can only hope this isn't the last we see of them."Hamish MacBain, "Led Zeppelin reunion: the review" New Musical Express, 10 December 2007. Page suggested the band may start work on new material," Zeppelin may make new material", BBC News, 17 October 2007. and stated that a world tour may be in the works." Jimmy Page hints at more shows", New Musical Express, 14 December 2008. Meanwhile, Plant made his reluctance regarding a reunion tour known to The Sunday Times, stating: "having to live up to something is terribly serious." However, he also made it known that he could be in favour of more one-off shows in the near future: "It wouldn't be such a bad idea to play together from time to time." Edwards, Mark. "The musical marriage of Robert Plant and Alison Krauss" The Sunday Times 9 December 2007

    Reunion tour reports (2008–2010)

    Following the reunion concert and the press coverage it generated, speculation on the future of the band and the possibility of a tour with Jason Bonham on drums increased to a level not seen in several years. In an interview promoting the release of the Mothership compilation in Tokyo early in 2008, Jimmy Page revealed that he was prepared to embark upon a world tour with Led Zeppelin, but due to Robert Plant's tour commitments with Alison Krauss, such plans would not be announced until at least September. Showing enthusiasm for continued performing, in late spring Page and Jones joined Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl and drummer Taylor Hawkins onstage at Wembley Stadium to perform Led Zeppelin tracks "Rock and Roll" (Hawkins on vocals and Grohl on drums), followed by "Ramble On" (Grohl on vocals and Hawkins on drums).

    Plant however continued to remain focused on his recent work and tour with Krauss. Their duet album Raising Sand  became certified platinum in March, and their recordings received awards including a Grammy for the song "Gone, Gone, Gone (Done Moved On)" and Album of the Year from the Americana Music Association. Along with concentrating on the duo's American tour, Plant remained evasive on the subject of a Led Zeppelin reunion tour, and expressed displeasure at the process leading up to the 2007 reunion show during an interview with GQ Magazine, saying "The endless paperwork was like nothing I've experienced before. I've kept every one of the emails that were exchanged before the concert and I'm thinking of compiling them for a book, which I feel sure would be hailed as a sort of literary version of Spinal Tap."

    After the BBC reported in late August that Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, and Jason Bonham had been recording material which could become a new Led Zeppelin project, the rumours of a reunion began to accumulate through the remaining summer. On 29 September Plant released a statement in which he called reports of a Led Zeppelin reunion "frustrating and ridiculous". He said he would not be recording or touring with the band, before adding, "I wish Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones and Jason Bonham nothing but success with any future projects."

    Following Plant's statement, authoritative but divergent views of the possibility of a Led Zeppelin reunion tour the next year were offered by John Paul Jones and promoter Harvey Goldsmith. In late October, Jones confirmed to BBC Radio Devon in Exeter that he, Page, and Bonham were seeking a replacement for Plant. The bassist remarked: "We are trying out a couple of singers. We want to do it. It's sounding great and we want to get on and get out there." The next day, Goldsmith commented on the prospect of a Led Zeppelin reunion, casting doubt on the possibility or wisdom of such a venture. In an interview with BBC News, Goldsmith stated "I think that there is an opportunity for them to go out and present themselves. I don't think a long rambling tour is the answer as Led Zeppelin." The Ertegün Concert promoter felt the result of the ongoing plans of Jones, Page, and Bonham would not be "called Led Zeppelin". A spokesman for guitarist Jimmy Page later confirmed this, telling RollingStone.com that a new band featuring Page, bassist John Paul Jones and drummer Jason Bonham would not go by the name Led Zeppelin due to the absence of singer Robert Plant. The singer that was strongly rumoured to be working with Jones, Page, and Bonham was Alter Bridge frontman Myles Kennedy; however, Kennedy, though confirming that he did write songs and briefly play music with them, later denied that he would be in a band with them.

    On 7 January 2009, MusicRadar reported that Jimmy Page's manager Robert Mensch said that the band had "tried out a few singers, but no one worked out, that was it. The whole thing is completely over now. There are absolutely no plans for them to continue." In a radio interview, Plant cited a fear of disappointment as a major factor for not continuing a reunited Zeppelin. "The disappointment that could be there once you commit to that and the comparisons to something that was basically fired by youth and a different kind of exuberance to now, it's very hard to go back and meet that head on and do it justice." Robert Plant: 'Led Zeppelin reunion scrapped because it feels incomplete'. NME. Retrieved 3 February 2010.

    On 28 October 2009 it was reported by NME that Robert Plant had revealed that he was in talks with Michael Eavis to perform at the 2010 Glastonbury Festival in England. Plant said he did not know who he would perform with, thus sparking rumours that Led Zeppelin would perform.

    On 23 March 2010, Led Zeppelin turned down an offer to headline Download Festival taking place at Donington Park, England in June. While talking to XFM, promoter Andy Copping stated: "If I could get Led Zeppelin to play at Download, it would be phenomenal. If that's not going to happen, I'm more than happy with what we've got. Every single festival in the world approaches Led Zeppelin or their management to get them to play at their festival. Loads of money gets thrown out. It's not what they want to do at the moment and that's fine. They probably never will, but everyone has a stab at it."

    Legacy and influence

    Awards, honours and accolades

    Led Zeppelin are widely considered to be one of the most powerful, innovative, Led Zeppelin- the Band. BBC h2g2. Retrieved 31 August, 2010. successful,Bill Meredith. Robert Plant. Allmusic. Retrieved 02 August, 2010. and influential bands in the history of rock music.Scott Witmer. History of Rock Bands. ISBN 9781604536928. ABDO Publishing Company.Thomas W. Friend. Fallen Angel: The Untold Story of Jimmy Page and Led Zeppelin. Gabriel Publications The band have been nominated for and won several awards, including the Q Merit Award in 1992, a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005, the Polar Music Prize in 2006, a MOJO Award in 2008 voted by readers for the "best live act", and inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (12 January 1995), UK Music Hall of Fame (16 November 2004), and the Mojo Hall of Fame 100 (November 2003: 10th Anniversary Issue). The Mojo Hall of Fame 100. Mojo Magazine. Retrieved 18 April 2010. The band are ranked #1 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and #4 on their list of 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll. VH1: 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll. VH1. Retrieved 23 May 2010. In February 2002, Led Zeppelin were ranked the third-greatest band of all time by Spin magazine." The 50 Greatest Bands". Spin February 2002: 60 In January 2005, Led Zeppelin were honoured with the "International Artist Award" at the American Music Awards. The International Newsweekly of Music: 11 Feb 1995. Billboard The four members of Led Zeppelin were voted the United Kingdom's ideal supergroup in a 2005 Planet Rock radio poll. Led Zeppelin are ranked no. 1 on Classic Rock's "50 Best Live Acts of All Time". 50 Best Live Acts of All Time (April 2008). Classic Rock Magazine. Retrieved 18 April 2010. The band topped "NME's Pop Poll" for consecutive three years (1974–76) under the category of the best "Vocal Group". Pop Poll Results 1952–1996. NME. Retrieved 18 April 2010. Led Zeppelin were honoured with the "Outstanding Achievement Award" at the GQ Men of the Year Awards 2008.Victoria Hannaford. Led Zeppelin at GQ Awards. BBC. Retrieved 25 July 2010. At the end of the BBC Two series "I'm in a Rock 'n' Roll Band!" on 5 June 2010, Led Zeppelin were named the best rock 'n' roll band of all time. Radio 2 – Rock And Roll Band. BBC

    thumb|upright|Led Zeppelin were voted the "best live act" at MOJO Awards|alt= Jimmy Page at Mojo Awards 2008.]The band have sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 111.5 million certified units in the United States and, according to the Recording Industry Association of America, is one of the three acts in music history to achieve four or more Diamond albums – the other two being The Beatles and Garth Brooks. Hilary Rosen, then-president and CEO of the Recording Industry Association of America, said in 1999 that "Led Zeppelin is one of the most popular and influential rock bands of all time. Thirty years after their debut, the band’s appeal is as strong as ever. It’s fitting that these rock icons are multiple Diamond winners." Similarly, Times Online has described Led Zeppelin as "the world’s greatest heavy rock band" Times Online and "the world's most powerful band". The 10 Led Zeppelin songs you really should know. The Times Rock critic Mikal Gilmore has suggested that "Led Zeppelin—talented, complex, grasping, beautiful and dangerous—made one of the most enduring bodies of composition and performance in twentieth-century music, despite everything they had to overpower, including themselves".

    Led Zeppelin have been the subject of many tribute albums, particularly A Tribute to Led Zeppelin, which was recorded by various artists, including Duran Duran, Stone Temple Pilots and Sheryl Crow, and released by Atlantic Records on 14 March 1995. Other notable tribute compilations include Out Through the in Door by Vanilla Fudge and A Tribute to Led Zeppelin by Great White. Many well-known artists from classical, reggae, jazz, heavy metal, and rockabilly music such as Alexis Korner, Jerry Lee Lewis, King Curtis, Tina Turner, Rolf Harris, Sandie Shaw, Frank Zappa, Jeff Buckley and London Philharmonic Orchestra have also recorded tribute albums and cover versions of Led Zeppelin songs, and an all-'Stairway to Heaven' tribute CD was issued by Australian ABC television programme The Money or the Gun in 1992.

    Several renowned public figures and media personalities have also expressed tributes to the band. Radio consultant Lee Abrams XM's Lee Abrams Moves To Tribune Co.. The Washington Post noted in 1988 that "Other than the Beatles, for album radio they're the most important band. Nobody seems to get tired of them, and a lot of the new bands in that genre obviously owe a debt to them." Similarly, John Kalodner, then-A&R executive of Geffen Records, remarked that "In my opinion, next to the Beatles they're the most influential band in history. They influence the way music is on records, AOR radio, concerts. They set the standards for the AOR-radio format with 'Stairway to Heaven,' having AOR hits without necessarily having Top 40 hits. They're the ones who did the first real big arena concert shows, consistently selling out and playing stadiums without support. People can do as well as them, but nobody surpasses them." Andrew Loog Oldham, the former producer and manager of The Rolling Stones, commented about how Led Zeppelin largely influenced the record business, and the way rock concerts were managed and presented to huge audiences, by the late 1960s:

    [5] Zeppelin changed so much about the record business. I mean, that was the first branding, wasn’t it? Without being disrespectful to the Stones, they were the ones who opened up the stadiums. And they had the first manager who was real violence as opposed to the Mickey Mouse stuff that had been practised in England before. With the branding of Led Zeppelin, especially on American radio, there you suddenly saw all of them, and Jimmy in particular, coming into their full force of direction with a manager who was less a svengali and more of a bean-counter and leg-breaker. It changed everything.Rob Hughes. THE REAL JIMMY PAGE. Uncut. Retrieved 31 May 2010.


    Condoleezza Rice, the 66th United States Secretary of State, being a former concert pianist, acknowledged Led Zeppelin are her favourite band of all time. Condi Rice loves Led Zeppelin and not being secretary of State. LA Times. Retrieved 15 February 2010. In July 2007, Led Zeppelin II topped a poll conducted to find the favourite album of British politicians commemorating the London opening of a British library display. Damian Green, the Member of Parliament from the Conservative Party, said "It's the ultimate album for teenage boys – metal as art. No one ever topped it. The opening riff is straightforward perfection." On the same occasion, Liberal Democrat and the Member of Parliament Lembit Öpik said "Whole Lotta Love is the greatest rock song ever." MPs' stairway to heaven. ThisisLondon.co.uk by Evening Standard. Retrieved 18 February 2010. Led Zeppelin rocks British politicians. IbnLive.com. Retrieved 18 February 2010. Similarly, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has also stated that he's a fan of Led Zeppelin. Russia's Medvedev Tells U2's Bono That He's a Fan of Led Zeppelin, Too. Bloomberg Television Oscar-winning British filmmaker and producer Danny Boyle has cited Led Zeppelin as his favorite music group Danny Boyle – Guest DJ Project. KCRW and inspiration:

    I wish I was a rock star! Well that was sort of my dream really, was to be in Led Zeppelin. I remember reading about Led Zeppelin touring America and just going round and round America and never stopping touring, It was the only way you could break America. And I always think of them when I come to do these publicity tour rounds. I think I've got to do this, Led Zeppelin did it, I've got to do it!" Just A Minute With: British Director Danny Boyle. Reuters


    Led Zeppelin remain one of the most bootlegged artists in the history of rock music. In August 1999, the band topped the list of Britain's most bootlegged musicians with 384 bootleg titles, compiled by the Anti-Piracy Unit of British Phonographic Industry. Led Zeppelin gain dubious honour of being Britain's most bootlegged band. The Independent. Retrieved 25 March 2010.{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/422948.stm|title = Led Zeppelin rock bootleg chart|accessdate = 15 December 2007|date = 17 August 1999|work=BBC Online Network – Entertainment|publisher=BBC|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20020811083932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/422948.stm|archivedate = 11 August 2002|quote = "Led Zep" have overtaken previous chart-toppers The Beatles, in the latest list compiled by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).... The BPI Anti-Piracy Unit identified 384 bootleg titles featuring Led Zeppelin performances. These albums typically contain plundered studio out-takes and amateur recordings made at concerts.}}

    Influence on other musicians

    When asked in 2006 what his biggest accomplishment was with Led Zeppelin, Page made reference to the band's legacy, particularly the way the band influenced and has been recognised by their musical peers:

    It's been a great legacy. That's what I'm proud of is the legacy of it. The fact that it's turned so many people on to want to play. That's what pulled me into playing, is hearing musicians who really really sent shivers down my spine. So that's it. That's the legacy and that's what I'm really proud of.Led Zeppelin and the Giants of Rock, DVD released by Classic Rock magazine, 2008.


    The band's influence has been continuous for over three decades and has affected several genres of popular music. As Rolling Stone music critic Steven Pond noted in 1988: "Nearly a decade after the band's demise, Led Zeppelin's musical influence lives on and on. Yeah, its been a long time since Led Zeppelin rock & rolled, but when it comes to modern mainstream rock music, Zep still has the touch of the gods...... just about every hard-rock and heavy-metal band that ever tromped onstage has borrowed something from its style and sound."Steven Pond," Led Zeppelin: The Song Remains the Same", Rolling Stone Paul Ress, editor of Q Magazine, has remarked that "I don't think they were ever appreciated for the scale of band they were. Maybe it's a sort of 'absence makes the heart grow fonder,' but it's taken people time to realise the massive influence they had on an awful lot of music."Kim Murphy. Been a long time for Led Zeppelin- Page 2. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 February 2010. Similarly, The New Rolling Stone Record Guide mentioned that " Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love" became a starting point for Aerosmith, Guns N' Roses and Van Halen, among others. It’s an amazing song not just for its seismic riff and bingeing-on-lust vocal performance, but for its mind-bending midsection, in which Page orchestrates the aural equivalent of an orgasm (Theremin included)."Daniel Kreps. “Led Zeppelin II†Turns 40. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 March 2010.

    Many notable musicians and bands from diverse genres have acknowledged the influence of Led Zeppelin's music on their own. These include Aerosmith, Black Sabbath, Queen, Deep Purple, KISS, Bad Company, Funkadelic, Motörhead, Saxon, Cheap Trick, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Venom, Metallica, Megadeth, Thin Lizzy, The Smashing Pumpkins, Mötley Crüe, Guns N' Roses, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Journey, AC/DC, The White Stripes, Def Leppard, Soundgarden, Pearl Jam, Jeff Buckley, The Stone Roses, Limp Bizkit, Boston, Dinosaur Jr., Kasabian, Nickelback, Rainbow, The Cult, Heart, Tori Amos, The Black Crowes, Queens of the Stone Age, Rush, Whitesnake, Van Halen, Classicvanhalen.com Guitar World Interview, February 1990. Retrieved 9 February 2010. Red Hot Chili Peppers, Audioslave, Madonna, Shakira, Ben Harper, Velvet Revolver, Dio, Alice Cooper, Tool, Faith No More, Jane's Addiction, Coheed and Cambria, Beastie Boys, Katie Melua, Led Zeppelin: Katie Melua on rock'n'roll riffs that rake the psyche. The Independent. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Gabriella Cilmi,Chris Johnson. Nothing Sweet About Me! Gabriella Cilmi sexes up her look in steamy photoshoot. Daily Mail. Retrieved 4 April 2010. B'zMarian Liu. Japanese rock duo B'z fueled by Beatles and Led Zeppelin. San Jose Mercury News and Junoon.

    Brian May of Queen has praised the band's creative effort and musicianship: "I'm the world's biggest Led Zeppelin fan. The music, the way they conducted themselves, their whole management structure – they were the blueprint. Queen always used to play The Immigrant Song in sound-checks just for the glory of the sound." Brian May: Personal Quotes. IMDB. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Ann Wilson of Heart has said "Led Zeppelin, you can't find a better band to pay homage to." Ann Wilson Quotes. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Ozzy Osbourne commented in 1990 that "Led Zeppelin. I still get goosebumps. That middle section Whole Lotta Love – fucking unbelievable! Those early Zeppelin albums were incredible productions. Nobody seems to do it anymore. I'd never heard anything like it before. There's so many people trying to imitate Zeppelin now."Ozzy Osbourne. Rolling Stone magazine issue no. 587. 20 September 1990. Donovan has described Led Zeppelin as "the greatest Pagan British rock Band".Nick Hasted. THE REAL JIMMY PAGE – PART 2. Uncut. Retrieved 30 May 2010 Ian Astbury of The Cult, who credits Led Zeppelin as one of his main inspirations, stated that "I think they're probably the greatest British live rock band. The one that had a real mystique, a real aura and presence about the band. It wasn't like a band; it was like some kind of moving spiritual roadshow."

    The band have spawned dozens of tribute acts and cover bands, notable amongst them being Lez Zeppelin Concert Review: Lez Zeppelin – Denver, CO. Blogcritics. Retrieved 2 February 2009. (an all-female tribute act), Dread Zeppelin Dread Zeppelin Biography. Allmusic. Retrieved 2 February 2009. (which performs Led Zeppelin songs in a reggae style) and Fred Zeppelin Fred Zeppelin At The Public. Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council. Retrieved 2 February 2009. (a cover band based in the West Midlands of England).

    Cultural significance

    thumb|A Led Zeppelin Led Zeppelin T-Shirts and Merchandise.]The cultural impact of Led Zeppelin, both artistically and musically, is wide and deep.Michael Schuman. Led Zeppelin: Legendary Rock Band. Enslow Publishers. Jim Miller, editor of Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll, argues "On one level, Led Zeppelin represents the final flowering of the sixties' psychedelic ethic, which casts rock as passive sensory involvement."Simon Frith. On record: rock, pop, and the written world. Routledge The role of Led Zeppelin is seen pivotal in fostering the transition of the late sixties rock movement from the central form of mass youth music to its macho, sexual 'cock rock' form, as a male form of expression. Rock critic and sociologist Simon Frith wrote:

    "The 'progressive' music of which everyone expected so much in 1967–68 became, in its popular form, the heavy metal macho style of Led Zeppelin, on one hand, and the technically facile hi-fi formula of Yes, on the other. If the commercialisation of rock 'n' roll in the 1950s was a process of 'feminisation', the commercialisation of rock in the 1960s was a process of 'masculinisation'."


    Similarly, noted music journalist Robert Christgau argues:

    " and Zeppelin are the great flowering of late psychedelic culture. Immersed in a grandiose mysticism that spurned the frontier folkieness, blues-boy grime, homespun doper wit, and Wild West local color of the original California strain, they bought the myth of the sixties as it is now misremembered, then sold it back with a coherence and vision that rolls right over such competing art-school wankers as Cream, King Crimson, and Pink Floyd.Robert Christgau. Grown up all wrong: 75 great rock and pop artists from vaudeville to techno. ISBN 0-674-44318-7.


    The band also have had a notable influence on fashion, lifestyle, jewellery and apparel. Many famous celebrities such as Marisa Miller, Marissa Miller likes Led Zeppelin. Retrieved 17 February 2010. A Makeup-less Marisa Miller in Underwear. Retrieved 17 February 2010. Britney Spears, Led Zeppelin Timeline. Cracked Ashlee Simpson, Jessica Simpson, Shakira, Josie Maran, Kate Moss, Sienna Miller and Chloe Hayward have long been a fan of Led Zeppelin t-shirts, flared jeans and other apparel. Speaking to The Independent, Simeon Lipman, head of pop culture at Christie's, has commented "Led Zeppelin have had a big influence on fashion because the whole aura surrounding them is so cool, and people want a piece of that. There's no question that this T-shirt had been worn, but that's what makes them desirable. The blood, sweat and tears of the concert are embedded in the fabric." The West Michigan Whitecaps, a Class A minor league baseball team, paid tribute to the band by wearing Led Zeppelin jerseys while celebrating a "Led Zeppelin Night" on 17 June 2010. Led Zeppelin Night. Minor League Baseball Whole Lotta Love: Minor League team to wear Led Zeppelin jerseys Thursday. NBC Sports Florida Everblades goaltender Rob Zepp, a huge fan of Led Zeppelin, had painted his goalie mask with the Hermit in Led Zeppelin IV album cover and the band's signature lettering. Hockey Player Honors LED ZEPPELIN With Mask. Blabbermouth.net. In January 2010, the Royal Mail issued a set of ten postage stamps commemorating classic album cover art, including Led Zeppelin IV. Classic album covers issued as stamps. BBC News. Retrieved 25 March 2010.

    Led Zeppelin laid the foundation for the big hair of 80's bands such as Mötley Crüe and Skid Row. Other musicians have also adapted elements from Led Zeppelin's attitude to apparel, jewellery and hair, such as hipster flares and tight band t-shirts of Kings of Leon, shaggy hair, clingy t-shirts and bluesman hair of Jack White of The White Stripes, and Kasabian guitarist Sergio Pizzorno's silk scarves, trilbies and side-laced tight jeans.Carola Long, " Led Zeppelin: The enduring influence of flares and flowing locks", The Independent

    Songs in other media

    While members of Led Zeppelin have seldom allowed their works to be licensed for films or commercials, in recent years, their position has softened. The songs of Led Zeppelin can now be heard in a number of movies, such as Shrek the Third, One Day in September, School of Rock ("Immigrant Song" in all three), Dogtown and Z-Boys ("Achilles Last Stand", "Nobody's Fault but Mine", and "Hots On for Nowhere"), Almost Famous ("That's the Way", "The Rain Song", "Misty Mountain Hop", "Bron-Yr-Aur", and "Tangerine"), "Stairway to Heaven" was in a part of the movie, but later on it was taken out, due to the length. It Might Get Loud ("The Rain Song", "Ramble On", "How Many More Times", "When the Levee Breaks", "The Battle of Evermore", "Over the Hills and Far Away", "Whole Lotta Love", "White Summer", "Stairway to Heaven", "In My Time of Dying", and "Ten Years Gone".) Fast Times at Ridgemont High ("Kashmir"), and Small Soldiers ("Communication Breakdown"). The television series One Tree Hill featured the song "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You". The band have denied frequent requests by developers of popular music video games to use their songs. As with other forms of media, the band seeks to protect the integrity of their work. Specifically, "the band isn't comfortable with the prospect of granting outsiders access to its master tapes, a necessary step in creating the games."

    Also noteworthy is Cadillac's use of "Rock and Roll" in their US TV advertising campaign. In 2007, Led Zeppelin agreed to allow Apple to sell their music in Apple's iTunes Store, with the greatest hits collection Mothership as the marquee offering.Vanessa Thorpe, " Led Zeppelin join the net generation", The Observer, 29 July 2007.

    In April 2007, Hard Rock Park (now Freestyle Music Park) in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, announced it had secured an agreement with the band to create "Led Zeppelin - The Ride", a roller coaster built by Bolliger & Mabillard, synchronised to the music of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". The coaster stands tall, features six inversions and spirals over a lagoon. The ride officially opened with the park on 9 May 2008. The ride is currently "Standing but not operating" (SBNO) due to Hard Rock Park filing bankruptcy. In January 2009, the park filed for Chapter 7. In February 2009, the park was sold to new owners FPI MB Entertainment, who planned to reopen by Memorial Day 2009. On 4 May 2009, the ride was renamed "The Time Machine," with hit songs from five decades replacing Led Zeppelin.

    Allegations of plagiarism

    The credits for a number of Led Zeppelin's songs have been the subject of debate concerning their copyright. "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" from Led Zeppelin was thought to be a traditional song and was credited as "Trad. arr. Page" but it was actually written by folk singer Anne Bredon. Since 1990, the Led Zeppelin version has been credited to Anne Bredon/Jimmy Page & Robert Plant, and Bredon received a substantial back-payment in royalties.Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9 "Dazed and Confused" was allegedly derived from a Jake Holmes song of the same name released in 1967 and had been performed by Page with the Yardbirds.Headlam, Dave and Elizabeth West Marvin. "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin". Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies, p. 330. Boydell & Brewer, 1995. ISBN 1-58046-096-8Matt Resnicoff, Matt. "In Through the Out Door: Jimmy Page Goes Back to Led Zeppelin" Musician November 1990: 62 In June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit against Jimmy Page for copyright infringement in United States District Court, claiming Page knowingly copied his work. Led Zeppelin sued by folk singer for alleged plagiarism. New York Post. Retrieved 6 July 2010. On Led Zeppelin II the prelude to "Bring It On Home" was a cover of Sonny Boy Williamson's 1963 recording of "Bring It On Home", written by Willie Dixon. Similarly, "The Lemon Song" included an adaptation of Howlin' Wolf's "Killing Floor". In 1972, Arc Music, the publishing arm of Chess Records, brought a lawsuit against Led Zeppelin for copyright infringement over "Bring It On Home" and "The Lemon Song"; the case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. Dixon himself did not benefit from the settlement until he sued Arc Music to recover his royalties and copyrights. In addition, "Whole Lotta Love" contained lyrics that were derivative of Dixon's 1962 song "You Need Love", though the riff from the song was an original Jimmy Page composition. In 1985, Dixon filed a copyright infringement suit against Led Zeppelin over "Whole Lotta Love" and an out-of-court settlement was reached. Later pressings of Led Zeppelin II credit Dixon.Goldstein, Patrick. "Whole Lotta Litigation". Los Angeles Times, 3 February 1985: N72 The band also paid a settlement to the publisher of Ritchie Valens' song "Ooh! My Head" over the song "Boogie with Stu" (from Physical Graffiti) which borrowed heavily from Valens' song.Lehmer, Larry. The Day the Music Died: The Last Tour of Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens (2004): 166

    Dave Headlam, in an article entitled "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin", suggests that "...in the course of studies on the music of Led Zeppelin, it has become apparent that many songs are compilations of pre-existent material from multiple sources, both acknowledged and unacknowledged." He contends that "...songs like 'Whole Lotta Love' and 'Dazed and Confused' are on the one hand not "authored" by Led Zeppelin, but on the other hand are virtual signatures identifying the band's musical essence."Headlam, Dave. "Does the song remain the same? Questions of authenticity and identification in the music of Led Zeppelin." In Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies. By Elizabeth West Marvin and Richard Hermann. Published 1995. Boydell & Brewer. 449 pagesISBN 1-58046-096-8 http://books.google.ca/books?id=OhUVusniuzoC However, noted blues author and producer Robert Palmer states "It is the custom, in blues music, for a singer to borrow verses from contemporary sources, both oral and recorded, add his own tune and/or arrangement, and call the song his own". Folklorist Carl Lindahl, refers to these recycling of lyrics in songs as "floating lyrics". He defines it within the folk-music tradition as "lines that have circulated so long in folk communities that tradition-steeped singers call them instantly to mind and rearrange them constantly, and often unconsciously, to suit their personal and community aesthetics".Carl Lindahl, "Thrills and Miracles: Legends of Lloyd Chandler", Journal of Folklore Research, Bloomington: May-December 2004, Vol. 41, Issue 2/3, pp. 133–72.

    In an interview he gave to Guitar World magazine in 1993, Page commented on the band's use of classic blues songs:
    [6]s far as my end of it goes, I always tried to bring something fresh to anything that I used. I always made sure to come up with some variation. In fact, I think in most cases, you would never know what the original source could be. Maybe not in every case – but in most cases. So most of the comparisons rest on the lyrics. And Robert was supposed to change the lyrics, and he didn't always do that – which is what brought on most of the grief. They couldn't get us on the guitar parts of the music, but they nailed us on the lyrics. We did, however, take some liberties, I must say [7]. But never mind; we did try to do the right thing. Interview with Jimmy Page, Guitar World magazine, 1993


    In another interview, Page responded to the suggestion that Led Zeppelin used a lot of traditional and blues lyrics and tunes and called them their own:
    The thing is they were traditional lyrics and they went back far before a lot of people that one related them to. The riffs we did were totally different, also, from the ones that had come before, apart from something like "You Shook Me" and "I Can't Quit You," which were attributed to Willie Dixon. The thing with "Bring It On Home," Christ, there's only a tiny bit taken from Sonny Boy Williamson's version and we threw that in as a tribute to him. People say, "Oh, 'Bring It On Home' is stolen." Well, there's only a little bit in the song that relates to anything that had gone before it, just the end.


    Discography

    • Led Zeppelin (1969)
    • Led Zeppelin II (1969)
    • Led Zeppelin III (1970)
    • Led Zeppelin IV (1971)
    • Houses of the Holy (1973)
    • Physical Graffiti (1975)
    • Presence (1976)
    • In Through the Out Door (1979)
    • Coda (1982)


    Concert tours

    References

    Published sources

    • Jon Bream (2008), Whole Lotta Led Zeppelin: The Illustrated History of the Heaviest Band of All Time, Minneapolis: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-7603-3507-9.
    • Richard Cole and Richard Trubo (1992), Led Zeppelin Uncensored, New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018323-3.
    • Stephen Davis (1985), The Led Zeppelin Saga, New York: William Morrow & Co. ISBN 0-688-04507-3.
    • Susan Fast (2001), In the Houses of the Holy: Led Zeppelin and the Power of Rock Music, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514723-5.
    • Dave Lewis (1991), Led Zeppelin: A Celebration, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-2416-3.
    • Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-3528-9.
    • Dave Lewis (2003), Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4.
    • Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997), Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4.
    • Luis Rey (1997), Led Zeppelin Live: An Illustrated Exploration of Underground Tapes, Ontario: The Hot Wacks Press. ISBN 0-9698080-7-0.
    • Keith Shadwick (2005), Led Zeppelin: The Story of a Band and Their Music 1968–1980, San Francisco: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-871-0.
    • Mick Wall (2008), A Biography of Led Zeppelin, London: Orion. ISBN 978-0-7528-8877-4.
    • Chris Welch (1994), Led Zeppelin, London: Orion Books. ISBN 1-85797-930-3.
    • Chris Welch (2002), Peter Grant: The Man Who Led Zeppelin, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9195-2.
    • Chris Welch (2006), Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused: The Stories Behind Every Song, Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 1-56025-818-7.
    • Ritchie Yorke (1993), Led Zeppelin: the Definitive Biography, Novato, California: Underwood-Miller. ISBN 0-88733-177-7.


    External links



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